From: <Saved by Windows Internet Explorer 7>
Subject: PowerPoint Presentation - Chapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2008 09:23:42 -0700
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/related;
	type="multipart/alternative";
	boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0"
X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3138

This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: image/gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/notes_flag.gif
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------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: image/gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif
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------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/script.js

function LoadSld()
{
	var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj")
	if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) {	=09
		sld.style.visibility=3D"visible"
		return
	}

	if( MakeNotesVis() ) return

	runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations();
=09
	if( IsWin("PPTSld") )
		parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId())
	g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize)
	g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight
	g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth
	g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0)
	if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
		InitHLinkArray()
	if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) )
		document.body.scroll=3D"no"
	_RSW()
	if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() )
		FullScrInit();
=09
	MakeSldVis();
	ChkAutoAdv()

	if( runAnimations )
	{
		if( document.all("NSPlay") )
			document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false;

		if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans )
			setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration =
* 1000 );
		else
			document.body.start();
	}
}

function MakeSldVis()=20
{
	var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans()
	if( fTrans )=09
	{
		if( g_bgSound ) {
			idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(",");
			pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx );
			pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1)));
		}
		SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09
    }
	SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
	if( fTrans )
		SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play()
}
function MakeNotesVis()=20
{
	if( !IsNts() ) return false=20
	SlideObj.style.display=3D"none"
	nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj")
	parent.SetHasNts(0)
	if( nObj ) {=20
		nObj.style.display=3D""
		parent.SetHasNts(1)
	}
	return 1
}
function ChkAutoAdv()
{
	if(SldHasTrans())
		SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv
	else
		AutoAdv()
}
function AutoAdv()
{
	if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return
	var sld=3DGetCurSld()
	if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() )
		setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay)
}
function GetObj(id)
{
	if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id);
	else return document.getElementById(id);
}
function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; }
function GetSldId() { return =
sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.lastIndexOf('/')+1) }
function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && =
PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") && =
PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { =
PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display=3D'none'; return true } return false }
function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name }
function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") }
function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) }
function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D =
"Win32" && navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) }
function SupportsPPTHTML()
{
	var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), =
ver=3D0
	if( msie >=3D 0 )
		ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) =
)
	else
		ver=3DparseInt(appVer)

	return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 )
}
function _RSW()
{
	if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() ||
	  ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) =
)
		return

        var padding=3D0;
        if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6

	cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding
	cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding
	factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW
	if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor )
		factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH

	newSize =3D g_origSz * factor
	if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1

	s=3DSlideObj.style
	s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px"
	s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor
	s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor
	s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2
	s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2

	if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
		ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
}
function _InitAnimations()
{
	animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined';
	isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && =
!parent.IsFramesMode();
	g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && =
!(isFullScreen && parent.IsSldVisited());
	if( g_animUseRuntime ) {
		collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq");
		if( collSeq !=3D null ) {
			for(ii=3D0;ii<collSeq.length;ii++) {
				if( collSeq[ii].getAttribute( "p:nodeType" ) =3D=3D "mainSeq" ) {
					g_animMainSequence =3D collSeq[ii];
					break;
				}
			}
		}
=09
		if( g_animItemsToHide && document.body.playAnimations !=3D false ) {
			for(jj =3D 0; jj < g_animItemsToHide.length; jj++) {
				if( hideObj =3D GetObj(g_animItemsToHide[jj]) )
					hideObj.runtimeStyle.visibility=3D"hidden";
			}
		}

		if( g_animInteractiveItems ){
			for(jj =3D 0; jj < g_animInteractiveItems.length; jj++) {
				if( triggerObj =3D GetObj(g_animInteractiveItems[jj]) )
					triggerObj.runtimeStyle.cursor=3D"hand";
			}
		}
	=09
		if( gUseSldTimings && ''+g_animSlideTime !=3D 'undefined' ) {
			adjustedTime =3D document.body.calculateAutoAdvanceTimes( =
g_animSlideTime, g_animEffectTimings );
			if( IsWin("PPTSld") && adjustedTime !=3D g_animSlideTime ) {
			   var sld =3D GetCurSld();
			   sld.mAdvDelay =3D adjustedTime * 1000;
			}
		}
	}

	return g_animUseRuntime;
}

gSldJump =3D 0, gSldJumpTrack =3D 0, gSldJumpIdx =3D "";

function _KPH()
{=20
	if( IsNts() ) return;

	if( !parent.IsFramesMode() && event.keyCode =3D=3D 27 && !HideMenu() )
		parent.window.close( self );
	else if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 32 ) {
		if( window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld" )
			parent.PPTSld.DocumentOnClick();
		else
			parent.GoToNextSld();
	}

	CatchNumKeys( parent, event );
}

function CatchNumKeys( win, event ) {
	if( win.IsFullScrMode() && (48<=3Devent.keyCode) && =
(event.keyCode<=3D57) ) {
		gSldJump =3D 1;
		gSldJumpIdx +=3D (event.keyCode-48).toString();
	}
	if( win.IsFullScrMode() && gSldJump && event.keyCode =3D=3D 13 ) {
		var numSlds =3D parent.GetSldList().mList.length
		if ( gSldJumpIdx > numSlds )
			gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds;
		if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) {
			if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 )
				gSldJumpIdx =3D 1;
			var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx);
			gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D "";
			win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref )
		}
	}
}

function _KDH()
{
	if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) {
		event.returnValue =3D 0;
		parent.GoToPrevSld();
	}
}
var g_HLinkArray =3D new Array();
=20
function IMapAreaObj( areaObj, coords )
{
  this.areaObj =3D areaObj;
  this.coords =3D coords;
}

function InitHLinkArray()
{
  var appVer =3D navigator.appVersion;
  var msie =3D appVer.indexOf ( "MSIE " )
  var ver =3D 0;
  if ( msie >=3D 0 )
    ver =3D parseInt ( appVer.substring( msie+5 ) );

  linkNum =3D 0;

  for (i=3D0; i<document.all.tags("AREA").length; i++) {
    areaObj =3D document.all.tags("AREA").item(i);
    if( ( areaObj.id !=3D "pptxscale" ) || ( ver > 4 ) )
      g_HLinkArray[linkNum++] =3D new IMapAreaObj( areaObj, ParseCoords( =
areaObj.coords ) );
  }
}

function ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
{  =20
  for ( ii=3D0; ii< g_HLinkArray.length; ii++) {
    coordsStr=3D"";
    imaObj =3D g_HLinkArray[ii];
    for ( jj=3D0; jj < imaObj.coords.length-1; jj++ )
  	  coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor) + ",";
    coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor);
    imaObj.areaObj.coords =3D coordsStr;
  }
}

function ParseCoords( coordsStr )
{
  var numArray =3D new Array();
  var i =3D curPos =3D commaPos =3D 0;

  while ( ( commaPos =3D coordsStr.indexOf(",", curPos) ) !=3D -1 ) {=20
    numArray[i++] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos, commaPos ) );
    curPos =3D commaPos + 1;
  }
  numArray[i] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos ) );

  return numArray;
}


function PlaySound( href, loop ){
	href=3D unescape(href);
	if( window.event ) window.event.cancelBubble =3D true;
	pptSound.src =3D href;
	pptSound.loop =3D loop ? -1 : 0;
}
function DocumentOnClick()
{
	if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return;

	if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && =
!parent.IsFramesMode() ) ||
	    (event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) {
	=09
		if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && =
g_animMainSequence.cangonext )
			return;

		parent.GoToNextSld();
	}
}


var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, =
gId=3D"", g_bgSound=3D"",
    g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, =
g_showInBrowser =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1;
var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( =
(window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser =
);var g_animManager =3D null;
var g_animUseRuntime =3D false;
var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
var g_animMainSequence =3D null;

var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", =
SCREEN_MODE=3D"Frames", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D43, =
SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm";
var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D =
gOtlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true
window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML()
var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0011.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0006.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0007.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0008.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0009.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0010.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0012.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0013.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0014.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0015.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0016.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0017.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0018.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0040.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0020.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0021.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0022.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0023.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0041.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0025.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0026.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0027.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0028.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0042.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0043.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0029.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0030.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0044.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0031.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0032.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0033.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0034.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0035.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0037.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0038.htm",1,-1,1),new =
hrefList("slide0039.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0045.htm",1,-1,1));

/*********************************************
 Frameset functions

 These functions control slide navigation
 and state of the frameset.
**********************************************/

function FullScrInit()
{
	g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
	document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
	document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
	document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
	document.ondragstart=3DCancel
	document.onselectstart=3DCancel
	self.focus()
}

function Redirect( frmId )
{=09
	var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), =
sId=3DGetSldId()
	if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
	if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
		obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
		window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
		return 1
	}
	return 0
}

var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
	if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20
		href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20
		Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20
		End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20
		if (End < Start)=20
			return href.substring(0, Start)=20
		else=20
		return href.substring(0, End)=20
	}
	return '';
}

function GetTags(base,tag)
{
	if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
	else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}


function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( =
MHTMLPrefix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }

function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }

function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }

function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }

function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
	if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
		gHasNts=3DfVal
		UpdNavPane()
	}
}

function ToggleOtlText()
{
	gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
	UpdOtlPane()
}

function ClearMedia()
{
	// Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. =
Otherwise,
	// in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames =
mode.
	if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}

function FullScreen()
{=20
	if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
		PPTSld.document.body.pause();
	ClearMedia();
	var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? =
FULLSCR_HREF : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
	if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
		var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
		var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
		win =3D window.open( =
MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=3D0,left=3D0," + =
"width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
		if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
			win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
	}
	else
	{
		win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
		if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
			win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
	}
}

function ToggleVNarration()
{
	rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
	if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
		if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
			rObj.Play()
		else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
			rObj.Pause()
		else
			return;
	}
	else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
	{
		narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
		if( narObj )
			narObj.togglePause()
	}
}

function GetCurSldNum()
{  =20
	obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
	if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
		return obj.mSldIdx
	else  =20
		return gCurSld
}

function GetNumSlds()
{  =20
	if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
		return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
	else
		return GetSldList().mList.length
}

function GetSldNum( href )
{
	for(ii=3D0; ii<GetSldList().mList.length; ii++) {
		if ( GetSldList().mList[ii].mSldHref =3D=3D href )
			return ii+1
	}
	return 1
}

function GetHrefObj( sldIdx ){ return GetSldList().mList[sldIdx-1] }

function IsFramesMode(){ return ( SCREEN_MODE =3D=3D "Frames" ) }

function IsFullScrMode(){ return ( SCREEN_MODE =3D=3D "FullScreen" ) }

function GoToNextSld()
{
	ii=3DgCurSld + 1
	if( GetHrefObj( ii-1 ).mOrigVis =3D=3D 0 ) {
		if( ii<=3DGetSldList().mList.length ) {
			obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
			obj.mVis=3D1
			GoToSldNum(ii)
			return
		}
	}
	else {
		obj=3DGetHrefObj( ii )
		while ( obj && ( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 0 ) )
			obj=3DGetHrefObj(++ii)
		if( obj && obj.mOrigVis ) {
			GoToSldNum(ii)
			return
		}
	}
	if( gSldStack.length > 1 )
		PopSldList();
	else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
                if( gLoopCont )
			GoToFirst()
                else
			EndShow()
	}
}

function GoToPrevSld()
{
	ii=3DgCurSld-1
	if( ii > 0 ) {
		obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
		while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
			obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
        if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
		GoToSldNum(ii)
	}
}

function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }

function GoToLast()
{
	ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
	if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
		GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}

function GoToSldNum( num )
{
	if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
	obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
	obj.mVis=3D1
	gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
	gCurSld =3D num;
	PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref)
	if( IsFramesMode() ) {
		UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
	}
}

function GoToSld( href )
{
	if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
	GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
	PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href)
}

function SldUpdated( id )
{
	if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
	gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
	gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
	if( IsFramesMode() ) {
		UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
	}
}

function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && =
GetHrefObj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }

function CloseWindow() {
	if( HideMenu() ) return;
=09
	var event =3D PPTSld.event;
	if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || =
event.keyCode=3D=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
		window.close( self );
	CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}

function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }

function SetupEndShow() {
	gIsEndShow=3D1;
	PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
	PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
	PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
	PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}

function EndShow()
{
	if( IsFramesMode() ) return
	if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue

	doc=3DPPTSld.document
	var dir =3D doc.body.dir
	if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr";
	doc.open()
	doc.writeln('<html><body dir=3D' + dir + ' bgcolor=3Dblack =
onload=3Dparent.SetupEndShow() =
onunload=3Dparent.Unload()><center><p><font face=3DTahoma color=3Dwhite =
size=3D2><br><b>' + ENDSHOW_MESG + =
'</b></font></p></center></body></html>')
	doc.close()
}

function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue =
}

function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited }

function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk )
{
	this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref
	this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible
	this.mVisited=3D false
	this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay
	this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk
}

function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd)
{
	this.mCurSld =3D curSld;
	this.mList =3D new Array();

	var idx =3D 1;
	for(ii=3D0;ii<arr.length;ii++) {
		this.mList[ii] =3D new hrefList( arr[ii].mSldHref, arr[ii].mOrigVis, =
arr[ii].mAdvDelay, arr[ii].mAdvOnClk );
		if( arr[ii].mOrigVis )
			this.mList[ii].mSldIdx =3D idx++;
	}
	this.mNumVisSlds =3D idx-1;
	this.fEndShow =3D fEnd;
}

function GetSldList() {	return gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] }
function GetCurSld() { return parent.GetSldList().mList[parent.gCurSld - =
1] }

gSldStack =3D new Array();
gSldStack[0] =3D new SldList(gMainDoc,gCurSld,1)
function ToggleOtlPane()
{
	frmset=3Ddocument.all("PPTHorizAdjust")
	frm=3Ddocument.all("PPTOtl")

	if( gOtlOpen )
		frmset.cols=3D"*,100%"
	else
		frmset.cols=3D"25%,*"

	gOtlOpen=3D!gOtlOpen
	frm.noResize=3D!frm.noResize
	UpdOtNavPane()
}

function ToggleNtsPane()
{
	frmset=3Ddocument.all("PPTVertAdjust")
	frm=3Ddocument.all("PPTNts")

	if( gNtsOpen )
		frmset.rows=3D"100%,*"
	else
		frmset.rows=3D"*,20%"

	gNtsOpen=3D!gNtsOpen
	UpdNtsPane()
}

/*********************************************
Custom Shows implementation

When ViewCustomShow() is called, we create
a new array that is a subset of the slides in=20
the main doc. This list pushed on a stack so
we can return after the end of the custom
show.
*********************************************/
function ViewCustomShow(idx,fEnd)
{
	if( !IsFullScrMode() ) return;
	var sldList =3D new Array();
	var custShow =3D custShowList[idx-1];
	var jj =3D 0;
	for( ii=3D0;ii<custShow.length;ii++ ) {
		if( custShow[ii] <=3D gMainDoc.length )
			sldList[jj++] =3D gMainDoc[custShow[ii]-1];
	}
	if (sldList.length > 0) {
	PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
	gCurSld =3D 1;
	}
	else
		if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}

function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
	var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
	gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
	GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}

function PopSldList() {
	if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
		EndShow()
	else {
	gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
	gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
	gSldStack.length--;
	var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
	GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
	}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();

/*********************************************
 Navigation button implementation

 There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn
 implemented as function objects. They share
 a similiar interface so the event handlers
 can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20
 object without needing to know exactly=20
 what type of button it is.
**********************************************/

//----------------------------------
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
//----------------------------------
{
	var t=3Dthis
	t.Perform    =3D _IBP
	t.SetActive  =3D _IBSetA
	t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
	t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
	t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
	t.Enabled    =3D _IBSetE
	t.ChangeIcon =3D null
	t.UserAction =3D action
	t.ChgState   =3D _IBUI
	t.mObjId   =3D oId
	t.mBorderId=3D bId
	t.mWidth   =3D w
	t.mIsOn    =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}

function _IBSetA()
{
	if( this.mIsOn ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
		obj.style.posTop=3D0
	}
}

function _IBSetI()
{
	if( this.mIsOn ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
		obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
	}
}

function _IBSetP()
{
	if( this.mIsOn ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
		obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
	}
}

function _IBSetD()
{ =20
	obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
	obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}

function _IBSetE( state )
{
	var t=3Dthis
	GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
	if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
		t.mIsOn=3Dstate
		if( state )
			t.SetInactive()
		else
			t.SetDisabled()
	}
}

function _IBP()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( t.mIsOn ) {
		if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
			t.UserAction()
		if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
			obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
			if( t.ChangeIcon() )
				obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
			else
				obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
		}
		t.SetActive()
	} =20
}

function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
	var t=3Dthis
	SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
	obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
	=
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-ob=
j.style.posTop
	t.mCurState=3DnextState
	return obj
}

//-----------------------------------------
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
//-----------------------------------------
{
	var t=3Dthis
	t.Perform    =3D _TBP
	t.SetActive  =3D _TBSetA
	t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
	t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
	t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
	t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
	t.GetState   =3D chkState
	t.UserAction =3D action
	t.ChgState   =3D _TBUI
	t.mObjId      =3D oId
	t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
	t.mIsOn       =3D 1
}

function _TBSetA()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
		t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}

function _TBSetI()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
		t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}

function _TBSetP()
{
	if( this.mIsOn )
		this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}

function _TBSetD()
{  =20
	this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
	this.mIsOn =3D 0
}

function _TBSetE()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( !t.GetState() )
		t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
	else
		t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
	t.mIsOn =3D 1
}

function _TBP()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( t.mIsOn ) {=20
		if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
			t.UserAction()
        if( !t.GetState )
            return
		if( t.GetState() )
			t.SetPressed()
		else
			t.SetActive()
	} =20
}

function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
	SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
	Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}

function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; =
obj.style.left=3Dleft }

function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
	s=3Dobj.style;
	s.borderStyle      =3D "solid"
	s.borderWidth      =3D 1=20
	s.borderLeftColor  =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
	s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
}

function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] }

function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() }

function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() =
}

function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() =
}

function BtnOnUp()
{
	b=3DGetBtnObj()
	if( b !=3D null )
		b.Perform()
	else
		Upd()
}
function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen }

function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen }

function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp }

function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal )
{
	s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style
	s.display=3D"none"
	if( fVal )
		s.display=3D""
	else
		s.display=3D"none"
}

function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) =
b.SetActive() }

function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) =
b.SetInactive() }

function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) =
b.SetPressed() }

function _BSetA_BorderImg()
{=20
	b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20
	if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
		obj.style.posTop=3D0
	}
}

function _BSetI_BorderImg()
{=20
	b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]
	if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
		obj.style.posTop=3D0
	}
}


var =
gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"TH=
REEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( =
"nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( =
"nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( =
"nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleNtsPane )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( =
"nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( =
"nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( =
"nb_prev","nb_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld )
gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( =
"nb_next","nb_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( =
"nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( =
"nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",parent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( =
"nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( =
"nb_voice","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( =
"nb_otlTxt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts"
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState

/*********************************************
 Context menu implementation

 _CM() is the function that's hooked up to
 the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to
 show the menu, we first build it by creating
 DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20
 within the screen area so it doesn't get
 clipped.

 Creating the DIVs using createElement() means
 we don't have to write out any extra HTML
 into the slide HTML files.
**********************************************/
var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End =
Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sArrow=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Re=
ctangle",sOval=3D"Oval"

function ShowMenu()
{
	BuildMenu();
	var =
doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y=3DPP=
TSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop
	m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu")
	m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx
	if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) )
		m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth

	m.style.pixelTop=3Dy
	if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) )
		m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight

	m.style.display=3D""
}

function _CM()
{
	if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return;
	if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) {
		ShowMenu()
		return false
	} else
		HideMenu()
}

function BuildMenu()
{
	if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return

	var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body )
	mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu"
	mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden"
	var s=3DmObj.style
	s.position=3D"absolute"
	s.cursor=3D"default"
	s.width=3D"120px"
	SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black")

	var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj )
	SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" )
	iObj.style.padding=3D2
	CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True )
	CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld )
=09
	CreateSeparator( iObj )
	CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True )
	mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
}

function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; =
window.event.returnValue=3Dfalse }

function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") }

function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") }

function Perform()
{
	e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
	if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() )
		e.Action()
	else
		PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function ChangeClr( bg,clr )
{
	e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
	if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) {
		e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg
		e.style.color=3Dclr
	}
}

function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) }

function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() }

function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; =
history.back(); PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() }

function M_True() { return true }

function M_End() { window.close( self ) }

function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval )
{
	var e=3DCreateItem( node )
	e.type=3D"menuitem"
	e.Action=3Daction
	e.IsActive=3Deval
	e.innerHTML=3Dtext

	if( !e.IsActive() )
		e.style.color=3D"threedshadow"

	e.onclick=3DPerform
	e.onmouseover=3DHighlight
	e.onmouseout=3DDeselect
	s=3De.style;
	s.fontFamily=3DsFont
	s.fontSize=3D"9pt"
	s.paddingLeft=3D2
}

function CreateSeparator( node )
{
	var sObj=3DCreateItem( node )
	SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu")
	var s=3DsObj.style
	s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow"
	s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight"
	s.height=3D1
	s.fontSize=3D"0px"
}

function CreateItem( node )
{
	var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV")
	node.insertBefore( elem )
	return elem
}

function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr )
{
	var s=3Do.style
	s.backgroundColor=3D"menu"
	s.borderStyle=3D"solid"
	s.borderWidth=3D1
	s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr
}
------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative;
	boundary="----=_NextPart_001_0007_01C88FEC.3FE75C40"


------=_NextPart_001_0007_01C88FEC.3FE75C40
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/frame.htm

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Frameset//EN">
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>PowerPoint Presentation - Chapter 19 Chemical =
Thermodynamics</TITLE>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Dwindows-1252">
<META content=3DPowerPoint.Slide name=3DProgId>
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16481" name=3DGENERATOR><LINK =
id=3DMain-File=20
href=3D"../chap19.htm" rel=3DMain-File><LINK href=3D"preview.wmf" =
rel=3DPreview><![if !ppt]>
<SCRIPT=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/script.js"></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT>
<!--
var gNavLoaded =3D gOtlNavLoaded =3D gOtlLoaded =3D false;
function Load()
{
	str=3Dunescape(document.location.hash),idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#')
	if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
	if(str) PPTSld.location.replace(escape(str));
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
<!--[if gte IE 5]>
<OBJECT id=3DMSOANIM=20
codeBase=3Dhttp://download.microsoft.com/download/PowerPoint2002/Install/=
10.0.2609/WIN98MeXP/EN-US/msorun.cab#version=3D11,0,0,1=20
classid=3DCLSID:A4639D2F-774E-11D3-A490-00C04F6843FB></OBJECT><![endif]--=
><![endif]></HEAD><FRAMESET=20
border=3D0 frameSpacing=3D0 rows=3D*,25 frameBorder=3D0 =
onload=3DLoad()><FRAMESET=20
id=3DPPTHorizAdjust frameSpacing=3D2 onload=3DLoad() =
cols=3D25%,*><FRAMESET rows=3D100%,*=20
onload=3DLoad()><FRAME title=3DOutline name=3DPPTOtl=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/outline.htm"></FRAMESET><FRAMESET=20
id=3DPPTVertAdjust frameSpacing=3D2 rows=3D*,40 frameBorder=3D1 =
onload=3DLoad()><FRAME=20
title=3DSlide name=3DPPTSld=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/slide0041.htm"><FRAME=20
title=3DNotes name=3DPPTNts=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/slide0041.htm"></FRAMESET></FRAMESET><FRAMESET=20
frameSpacing=3D1 onload=3DLoad() cols=3D25%,*><FRAME=20
title=3D"Outline&#13;&#10;Navigation Bar" name=3DPPTOtlNav=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/outline.htm"=20
noResize scrolling=3Dno><FRAME title=3D"Slide&#13;&#10;Navigation Bar" =
name=3DPPTNav=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/outline.htm"=20
noResize scrolling=3Dno></FRAMESET></FRAMESET></HTML>

------=_NextPart_001_0007_01C88FEC.3FE75C40
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/outline.htm

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Dwindows-1252">
<META content=3DPowerPoint.Slide name=3DProgId>
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16481" name=3DGENERATOR><LINK =
id=3DMain-File=20
href=3D"../chap19.htm" rel=3DMain-File><LINK href=3D"preview.wmf" =
rel=3DPreview>
<META content=3DNoIndex name=3DRobots>
<SCRIPT=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/script.js"></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT><!--

if( !(IsWin("PPTOtl")||IsWin("PPTNav")||IsWin("PPTOtlNav")) )
{
	obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
	parent.location.href=3Dobj.href
}

var =
gOtlHiliteClr=3D"#ffffff",gOtlNormalClr=3D"#000000",gOtlActiveClr=3D"#fff=
f00",gSelected=3D"",gTxtState=3Dfalse,gChildEntryTable=3Dnew Array()

function Load()
{
	if( IsWin("PPTOtl" ) ){ LoadOtl(); parent.gOtlLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
	if( g_supportsPPTHTML ) {
		if( IsWin("PPTNav" ) ){ LoadNav("NavObj",UpdNav); =
parent.gNavLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
		if( IsWin("PPTOtlNav" ) ){ LoadNav("OtlNavObj",UpdOtlNav); =
parent.gOtlNavLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
	}
}
function Upd(){ if( IsWin("PPTNav") ) LoadNav("NavObj",UpdNav) }
function LoadNav( oId,UpdFunc )
{
	document.ondragstart=3DCancelDrag
	document.onselectstart=3DCancelDrag
	document.body.style.margin=3D2
	UpdFunc()
	obj=3Ddocument.all.item(oId)
	obj.style.display=3D"block"
	obj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
	document.bgColor=3D"threedface"

	if( parent.frames["PPTNts"] )
		notesBtn.style.display =3D ""
	if( parent.gHasNarration )
		nb_voiceBorder.style.display =3D ""
}
function LoadOtl()
{
	var otl=3DGetObj("OtlObj")
	otl.style.display=3D"block"
	otl.style.visibility=3D"visible"
	if( gOtlActiveClr =3D=3D "" ) gOtlActiveClr=3Ddocument.linkColor
	if( gOtlHiliteClr =3D=3D "" ) gOtlHiliteClr=3Ddocument.fgColor
	if( gOtlNormalClr =3D=3D "" )
		gOtlNormalClr=3Ddocument.bgColor
	else
		document.bgColor=3DgOtlNormalClr =20

	InitArray()

	if( ObjExists( parent.gCurSld ) ) {
		ChangeState( parent.gCurSld,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
		gSelected=3Dparent.gCurSld
	}
	else gSelected =3D -1

	UpdOtl()
}
function UpdOtl(){ UpdIdx(parent.gCurSld) }
function UpdIdx( idx )
{
	if( gSelected !=3D idx ) {
		if( gSelected > 0 )
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlHiliteClr,gOtlNormalClr )

		if( ObjExists( idx ) ) {
			gSelected =3D idx
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
		}
		else gSelected =3D -1
	}

	if( gTxtState !=3D parent.gOtlTxtExp ) {
		state =3D "block"
		if( !parent.gOtlTxtExp )
			state=3D"none"

		for(ii=3D0; ii<gChildEntryTable.length; ii++) {
			obj=3DgChildEntryTable[ii];
			if( obj.id =3D=3D null ) continue;

			if( obj.id.indexOf("PPTC") >=3D 0 )
				obj.style.display=3Dstate;
		}=20
		gTxtState=3Dparent.gOtlTxtExp
		if( ObjExists( gSelected ) )
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
	}
}
function InitArray()
{
	count=3D0
	var list=3DGetTags(document,"DIV");
	for(ii=3D0; ii<list.length; ii++) {
		obj=3Dlist.item(ii)
		if( obj.id =3D=3D null ) continue

		if( obj.id.indexOf("PPTC") >=3D 0 ) =20
			gChildEntryTable[count++]=3Dobj
	}
}
function ChangeState( idx,fgColor,bgColor )
{
	obj=3DGetObj("PPTL"+idx)
	obj.style.color=3DfgColor

	obj=3DGetObj("PPTP"+idx)
	obj.style.backgroundColor=3DbgColor
}
function ChgClr( o,clr ){ if( o.id !=3D "PPTL"+gSelected ) =
o.style.color=3Dclr }
function Over( src ){ ChgClr(GetLink(src),gOtlActiveClr) }
function Out( src ){ ChgClr(GetLink(src),gOtlHiliteClr) }
function Follow(src){ window.location.href =3D GetLink(src).href; }
function ObjExists( ii ) { obj=3DGetObj("PPTP"+ii ); return( obj ) }
function GoToSld( href ){ UpdIdx(parent.GetSldNum(href)); =
parent.GoToSld( href ) }
function CancelDrag(){ =
window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue;window.event.returnValue=3Dfalse}
function GetLink(src)
{
   if(src.tagName=3D=3D"A") return src
   else return GetTags(src,"A").item(0)
}

function UpdNav()
{
	txt =3D "<center>";
	if( parent.GetHrefObj( parent.gCurSld ).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
		txt +=3D "Slide " + parent.GetCurSldNum() + " of " + =
parent.GetNumSlds()
	else
		txt +=3D "Hidden Slide"
	txt +=3D "</center>";
	nav_text.innerHTML =3D txt;

	if( !parent.HasPrevSld() )
		gBtnArr["nb_prev"].Enabled(0)
	else
		gBtnArr["nb_prev"].Enabled(1)

	if( !parent.HasNextSld() )
		gBtnArr["nb_next"].Enabled(0)
	else
		gBtnArr["nb_next"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_nts"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag( parent.gHasNts )

	gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_voice"].Enabled(1)
}

function ExecBtn()
{
	if (event.keyCode =3D=3D 13)
	{
		BtnOnDown();
		BtnOnUp();
	}
}
function UpdOtlNav()
{
	gBtnArr["nb_otl"].SetEnabled();

	if( parent.gOtlOpen )
		gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].Enabled( true );
	else
		document.all.item("nb_otlTxtBorder").style.visibility =3D "hidden";
}




//--></SCRIPT>

<STYLE>.PTxt {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; WIDTH: 100%; =
POSITION: relative
}
.CTxt {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: relative
}
A {
	COLOR: white; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
UL {
	MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; COLOR: white
}
.sldNum {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; COLOR: white
}
.button {
	BORDER-RIGHT: buttonface 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: buttonface 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: buttonface 1px solid; WIDTH: 32px; BORDER-BOTTOM: =
buttonface 1px solid; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 20px
}
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY style=3D"MARGIN: 2px" onload=3DLoad()>
<DIV onmouseup=3DBtnOnUp() onkeypress=3DExecBtn() =
onmousedown=3DBtnOnDown() id=3DNavObj=20
onmouseover=3DBtnOnOver() style=3D"DISPLAY: none; VISIBILITY: hidden"=20
onmouseout=3DBtnOnOut() onload=3D"Load()">
<TABLE id=3DnotesBtn style=3D"DISPLAY: none; WIDTH: 55px; POSITION: =
relative"=20
cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 align=3Dleft>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_ntsElem title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Notes"=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; CURSOR: default; COLOR: =
buttontext; MARGIN-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter><IMG id=3Dnb_nts style=3D"DISPLAY: none"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/notes_flag.gif">=20
      &nbsp;Notes</DIV>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_ntsBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Notes"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() =
tabIndex=3D1></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"WIDTH: 70px; POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 =
cellPadding=3D0=20
align=3Dright>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_sldshwText title=3D"Full Screen Slide Show"=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; CURSOR: default; COLOR: =
buttontext; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter>Slide Show</DIV>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_sldshwBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() title=3D"Full Screen =
Slide Show"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D5>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 18px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_sldshw style=3D"LEFT: -254px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_voiceBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut()=20
      style=3D"DISPLAY: none; LEFT: -40px; WIDTH: 20px; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D4>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 18px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_voice title=3D"Pause/Play Narration"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: -290px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 =
align=3Dcenter>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_prevBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
style=3D"LEFT: -30px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D2>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 30px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_prev title=3D"Previous Slide" style=3D"LEFT: 0px; =
POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV><SPAN=20
      id=3Dnav_text=20
      style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; WIDTH: 100px; COLOR: buttontext; =
FONT-FAMILY: Arial; POSITION: relative; TOP: 3px"></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_nextBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
onfocus=3DBtnOnOver()=20
      tabIndex=3D3>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 30px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_next title=3D"Next Slide" style=3D"LEFT: -90px; POSITION: =
relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></D=
IV>
<DIV onmouseup=3DBtnOnUp() onkeypress=3DExecBtn() =
onmousedown=3DBtnOnDown()=20
id=3DOtlNavObj onmouseover=3DBtnOnOver() style=3D"DISPLAY: none; =
VISIBILITY: hidden"=20
onmouseout=3DBtnOnOut() onload=3D"Load()">
<TABLE style=3D"WIDTH: 70px; POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 =
cellPadding=3D0=20
align=3Dleft>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otl onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Outline"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; CURSOR: default; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: 100%"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D11>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otlElem=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; COLOR: buttontext; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: =
Arial; POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter>Outline</DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 =
align=3Dcenter>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otlTxtBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut()=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: buttonface 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: =
buttonface 1px solid; LEFT: -18px; BORDER-LEFT: buttonface 1px solid; =
WIDTH: 24px; BORDER-BOTTOM: buttonface 1px solid; POSITION: absolute; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D12>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 22px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_otlTxt title=3D"Expand/Collapse Outline"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: -157px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></D=
IV>
<DIV id=3DOtlObj style=3D"DISPLAY: none; VISIBILITY: hidden">
<TABLE style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial" width=3D"100%">
  <TBODY>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>1</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD width=3D"100%">
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP1><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL1=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0001.htm');">Chapter =
19<BR>Chemical=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>2</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP2><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL2=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0011.htm');">First Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC2 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>You will recall from Chapter 5 that energy cannot be created =
nor=20
        destroyed.=20
        <LI>Therefore, the total energy of the universe is a constant.=20
        <LI>Energy can, however, be converted from one form to another =
or=20
        transferred from a system to the surroundings or vice versa.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>3</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP3><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL3=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0002.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC3 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Spontaneous processes are those that can proceed without any =
outside=20
        intervention.=20
        <LI>The gas in vessel B will spontaneously effuse into vessel A, =
but=20
        once the gas is in both vessels, it will not spontaneously =
return to one=20
        side </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>4</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP4><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL4=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0003.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC4 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>Processes that are spontaneous in one direction are =
nonspontaneous=20
          in the reverse direction. =
</LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>5</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP5><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL5=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0004.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC5 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Processes that are spontaneous at one temperature may be=20
        nonspontaneous at other temperatures.=20
        <LI>Above 0<FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>C it =
is=20
        spontaneous for ice to melt.</FONT>=20
        <LI>Below 0<FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>C =
the reverse=20
        process is spontaneous.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>6</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP6><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL6=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0005.htm');">Reversible=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC6 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>In a reversible process the system changes in such a way =
that the=20
          system and surroundings can be put back in their original =
states by=20
          exactly reversing the process. <BR><BR>
          <LI>Changes are infinitesimally small in a reversible process. =

      </LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>7</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP7><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL7=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0006.htm');">Irreversible=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC7 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Irreversible processes cannot be undone by exactly reversing =
the=20
        change to the system.=20
        <LI>All Spontaneous processes are irreversible.=20
        <LI>All Real processes are irreversible. =
</LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>8</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP8><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL8=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0007.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC8 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy (S) is a term coined by Rudolph Clausius in the 19th =

        century.=20
        <LI>Clausius was convinced of the significance of the ratio of =
heat=20
        delivered and the temperature at which it is delivered,=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>9</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP9><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL9=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0008.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC9 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy can be thought of as a measure of the randomness of =
a=20
        system.=20
        <LI>It is related to the various modes of motion in molecules.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>10</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP10><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL10=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0009.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC10 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Like total energy, E, and enthalpy, H, entropy is a state =
function.=20
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S =3D =
S<SUB>final</SUB>=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>=20
        S<SUB>initial</SUB></FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>11</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP11><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL11=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0010.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC11 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>For a process occurring at constant temperature (an =
isothermal=20
        process): </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>12</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP12><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL12=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0012.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC12 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The second law of thermodynamics: The entropy of the =
universe does=20
        not change for reversible processes=20
        <LI>and=20
        <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>increases for =

        spontaneous processes. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>13</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP13><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL13=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0013.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>14</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP14><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL14=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0014.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC14 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of the universe increases (real, spontaneous =
processes).=20

        <LI>But, entropy can decrease for individual systems.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>15</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP15><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL15=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0015.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC15 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Ludwig Boltzmann described the concept of entropy on the =
molecular=20
        level.=20
        <LI>Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of =
the=20
        molecules in a sample. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>16</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP16><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL16=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0016.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC16 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Molecules exhibit several types of motion:=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Translational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
          </SPAN>Movement of the entire molecule from one place to =
another.=20
          <LI>Vibrational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN>Periodic=20
          motion of atoms within a molecule.=20
          <LI>Rotational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN>Rotation=20
          of the molecule on about an axis or rotation about <FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>s</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> bonds.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>17</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP17><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL17=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0017.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC17 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Boltzmann envisioned the motions of a sample of molecules at =
a=20
        particular instant in time.=20
        <UL>
          <LI>This would be akin to taking a snapshot of all the =
molecules.=20
        </LI></UL>
        <LI>He referred to this sampling as a microstate of the =
thermodynamic=20
        system. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>18</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP18><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL18=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0018.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC18 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Each thermodynamic state has a specific number of =
microstates, W,=20
        associated with it.=20
        <LI>Entropy is=20
        <LI>S =3D k lnW=20
        <LI>where k is the Boltzmann constant, 1.38 <FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>=B4</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> 10</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol><SUP>-</SUP></FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial><SUP>23</SUP>=20
        J/K.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>19</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP19><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL19=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0040.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC19 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Implications: <BR><BR>
        <LI>=95 more particles=20
        <LI>-&gt; more states -&gt; more entropy=20
        <LI>=95 higher T=20
        <LI>-&gt; more energy states -&gt; more entropy=20
        <LI>=95 less structure (gas vs solid)=20
        <LI>-&gt; more states -&gt; more entropy=20
  <BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>20</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP20><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL20=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0020.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC20 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The number of microstates and, therefore, the entropy tends =
to=20
        increase with increases in=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Temperature.=20
          <LI>Volume (gases).=20
          <LI>The number of independently moving molecules.=20
      </LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>21</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP21><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL21=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0021.htm');">Entropy and Physical =

      States</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC21 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy increases with the freedom of motion of molecules.=20
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI>S(g) &gt; S(l) &gt; S(s) </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>22</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP22><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL22=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0022.htm');">Solutions</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC22 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>Dissolution of a solid:=20
          <LI>Ions have more entropy (more states)=20
          <LI>But,=20
          <LI>Some water molecules have less entropy (they are grouped =
around=20
          ions). </LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>23</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP23><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL23=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0023.htm');">Entropy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC23 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>In general, entropy increases when=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Gases are formed from liquids and solids.=20
          <LI>Liquids or solutions are formed from solids.=20
          <LI>The number of gas molecules increases.=20
          <LI>The number of moles increases. =
</LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>24</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP24><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL24=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0024.htm');">Third Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC24 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero =
is 0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>25</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP25><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL25=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0041.htm');">Third Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC25 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero =
is 0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>26</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP26><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL26=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0025.htm');">Standard=20
      Entropies</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC26 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>These are molar entropy values of substances in their =
standard=20
        states.=20
        <LI>Standard entropies tend to increase with increasing molar =
mass.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>27</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP27><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL27=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0026.htm');">Standard=20
      Entropies</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC27 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Larger and more complex molecules have greater entropies.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>28</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP28><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL28=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0027.htm');">Entropy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC28 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy changes for a reaction can be calculated the same =
way we=20
        used for <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>H:</FONT>=20
        <LI></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>29</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP29><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL29=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0028.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC29 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Changes in Surroundings=20
        <LI>Heat that flows into or out of the system also changes the =
entropy=20
        of the surroundings.=20
        <LI>For an isothermal process: </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>30</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP30><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL30=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0042.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC30 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Changes in Surroundings=20
        <LI>Heat that flows into or out of the system also changes the =
entropy=20
        of the surroundings.=20
        <LI>For an isothermal process: </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>31</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP31><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL31=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0043.htm');">Link S and <FONT=20
      face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>H: Phase=20
      changes</FONT></A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>32</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP32><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL32=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0029.htm');">"Entropy Change in =
the=20
      Universe"</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC32 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Change in the Universe=20
        <LI>The universe is composed of the system and the surroundings. =

<BR><BR>
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe</SUB> =3D=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>S<SUB>system</SUB> +=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>S<SUB>surroundings</SUB></FONT> <BR><BR>
        <LI>For spontaneous processes=20
        <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe =
</SUB>&gt; 0</FONT>=20
        <BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>33</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP33><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL33=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0030.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>34</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP34><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL34=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0044.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>35</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP35><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL35=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0031.htm');">"<FONT=20
      face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>TDS<SUB>universe</SUB> is =
defined=20
      as</FONT>..."</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC35 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>TDS<SUB>universe</SUB> is=20
        defined as the Gibbs free energy, </FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G.</FONT>=20
        <LI>For spontaneous processes: <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =

        face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe</SUB> &gt; 0</FONT>=20
        <LI>And therefore:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G &lt; 0</FONT>=20
      <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>36</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP36><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL36=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0032.htm');">Gibbs Free=20
      Energy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC36 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>If DG is negative, the forward reaction is spontaneous.=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>If <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G is =
positive, the=20
        reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>37</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP37><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL37=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0033.htm');">Standard Free Energy =

      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC37 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Standard free energies of formation, <FONT =
face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G<SUB>f</SUB></FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial> are analogous to standard enthalpies of formation, =

        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>H<SUB>f</SUB></FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>38</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP38><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL38=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0034.htm');">Free Energy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC38 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Very key equation: <BR><BR><BR><BR>
        <LI>This equation shows how <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G</FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial> changes=20
        with temperature.</FONT>=20
        <LI>(We assume S=B0 &amp; <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>H=B0=20
        are independent of T.)</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>39</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP39><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL39=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0035.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Temperature</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC39 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>There are two parts to the free energy equation:=20
        <UL>
          <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>DH<FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>=97 the enthalpy =
term</FONT>=20
          <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>T<FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S</FONT><FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> =97 the entropy =
term</FONT>=20
          <BR><BR></LI></UL>
        <LI>The temperature dependence of free energy comes from the =
entropy=20
        term. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>40</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP40><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL40=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0037.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Temperature</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>41</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP41><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL41=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0038.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Equilibrium</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC41 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Remember from above:=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>
        <LI>So DG must be related to the equilibrium constant, K =
(chapter 15).=20
        The standard free energy, DG=B0, is directly linked to =
K<SUB>eq</SUB> by:=20
        <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>42</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP42><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL42=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0039.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Equilibrium</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC42 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Under non-standard conditions, we need to use DG instead of =
DG=B0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>43</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP43><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL43=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0045.htm');">Gibbs Free=20
      Energy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC43 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>If DG is negative, the forward reaction is spontaneous.=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>If <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G is =
positive, the=20
        reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03.xml"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/preview.wmf"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_image001.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/editdata.mso"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/pres.xml"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/file0002.mp3"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0001.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_image002.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0001_image003.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0011.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002_image004.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002_image005.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003_image006.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003_image007.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004_image008.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004_image009.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005_image010.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005_image011.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006_image012.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006_image013.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0007.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0007_image014.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0008.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0009.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010_image015.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010_image016.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image017.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image018.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image019.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image020.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013_image021.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013_image022.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014_image023.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014_image024.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015_image025.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015_image026.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0016.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0016_image027.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0017.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0017_image028.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0018.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0018_image029.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0040.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0020.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021_image030.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021_image031.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022_image032.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022_image033.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023_image034.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023_image035.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image036.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image037.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image038.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image039.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image040.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image041.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image042.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image043.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image044.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image045.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025_image046.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025_image047.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026_image048.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026_image049.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image050.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image051.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image052.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image053.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028_image054.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028_image055.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image056.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image057.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image058.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image059.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image060.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image061.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image062.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image063.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0029.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image064.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image065.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image066.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image067.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image068.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image069.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image070.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image071.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image072.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image073.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image074.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image075.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image076.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image077.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image078.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image079.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0031.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0031_image080.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032_image081.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032_image082.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033_image083.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033_image084.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034_image085.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034_image086.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0035.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037_image087.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037_image088.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038_image089.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038_image090.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image091.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image092.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image093.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0045.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0045_image094.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master01.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_stylesheet.css"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/script.js"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/fullscreen.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/notes_flag.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/frame.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"about:blank"></A></DIV></BODY></HTML>

------=_NextPart_001_0007_01C88FEC.3FE75C40--

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: image/gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image045.gif
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------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: text/css;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/master03_stylesheet.css

BODY {
	WIDTH: 534px; HEIGHT: 400px
}
.TB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.T {
	FONT-SIZE: 209%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
center; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: =
Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.BB {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.B {
	FONT-SIZE: 152%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.B1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: bullet=D8
}
.B1 {
	FONT-SIZE: 133%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.B2B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.B2 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.B3B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=96
}
.B3 {
	FONT-SIZE: 95%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.B4B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=BB
}
.B4 {
	FONT-SIZE: 95%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.NB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.N1B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N1 {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.N2B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N2 {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.N3B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N3 {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.N4N {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N4 {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.OB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-color-index: 1
}
.O1B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O1 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial
}
.O2B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O2 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial
}
.O3B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O3 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial
}
.O4B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O4 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial
}
.CBB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.CB {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CB1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: nobullet=D8
}
.CB1 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CB2B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.CB2 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CB3B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=96
}
.CB3 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CB4B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=BB
}
.CB4 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CTB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.CT {
	FONT-SIZE: 209%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
center; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: =
Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HBB {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.HB {
	FONT-SIZE: 133%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HB1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: bullet=D8
}
.HB1 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HB2B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.HB2 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HB3B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=96
}
.HB3 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HB4B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=BB
}
.HB4 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QBB {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.QB {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QB1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: bullet=D8
}
.QB1 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QB2B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.QB2 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QB3B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=96
}
.QB3 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QB4B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=BB
}
.QB4 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.TblB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.Tbl {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.Tbl1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: nobullet=D8
}
.Tbl1 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.Tbl2B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.Tbl2 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.Tbl3B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=96
}
.Tbl3 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.Tbl4B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=BB
}
.Tbl4 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.defaultB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.default {
	FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 114%; COLOR: black; DIRECTION: ltr; =
LAYOUT-FLOW: horizontal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; =
TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 0; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 0; mso-color-index: 1; mso-ascii-font-family: =
Arial; text-shadow: none; text-effect: none; mso-fareast-hint: no; =
mso-text-raise: 0%; mso-line-spacing: "100 0 0"; mso-margin-left-alt: 0; =
mso-text-indent-alt: 0; mso-word-wrap: 1; mso-vertical-align-special: =
baseline; mso-ansi-language: EN-US
}
A:link {
	COLOR: #009999! important
}
A:active {
	COLOR: #333399! important
}
A:visited {
	COLOR: #99cc00! important
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/slide0041.htm

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40" xmlns:v =3D=20
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o =3D=20
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:p =3D=20
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" xmlns:oa =3D=20
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:activation"><HEAD><TITLE>PowerPoint =
Presentation - Chapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics</TITLE>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Dwindows-1252">
<META content=3DPowerPoint.Slide name=3DProgId>
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16481" name=3DGENERATOR><LINK =
id=3DMain-File=20
href=3D"../chap19.htm" rel=3DMain-File><LINK href=3D"preview.wmf" =
rel=3DPreview><!--[if !mso]>
<STYLE>v\:* {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
o\:* {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
p\:* {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
.shape {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
v\:textbox {
	DISPLAY: none
}
</STYLE>
<![endif]-->
<META content=3D"3/12/2008: Third Law of Thermodynamics" =
name=3DDescription><LINK=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_stylesheet.css"=20
rel=3DStylesheet><!--[if gte IE 5]>
<OBJECT id=3DMSOANIM =
classid=3DCLSID:A4639D2F-774E-11D3-A490-00C04F6843FB></OBJECT>
<OBJECT id=3DMSOTIME =
classid=3DCLSID:A4639D29-774E-11D3-A490-00C04F6843FB></OBJECT><![endif]--=
><![if !ppt]><BGSOUND=20
id=3DpptSound>
<STYLE media=3Dprint>.sld {
	FONT-SIZE: 107%! important; LEFT: 0px! important; WIDTH: 6in! =
important; HEIGHT: 4.5in! important
}
</STYLE>

<STYLE>oa\:* {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOANIM#ANIM) url(#MSOTIME#TIME)
}
oa\:par {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME)
}
oa\:seq {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME)
}
oa\:iterate {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME)
}
oa\:video {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME) url(#MSOTIME#MEDIA)
}
oa\:audio {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME) url(#MSOTIME#MEDIA)
}
</STYLE>

<SCRIPT=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/script.js"></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT><!--
if( !IsNts() ) Redirect( "PPTSld" );
//--></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT><!--
g_animItemsToHide=3Dnew =
Array("_x0000_s50187_AllText","_x0000_s50187","_x0000_s50186_AllText","_x=
0000_s50186","_x0000_s50188","_x0000_s50185_AllText","_x0000_s50185");

//--></SCRIPT>
<!--[if vml]>
<SCRIPT>g_vml =3D 1;
</SCRIPT>
<![endif]--><![endif]><p:slidetransition flag=3D"1" effect=3D"alphafade" =
speed=3D"0"=20
advancetime=3D"0"></p:slidetransition><o:shapelayout =
v:ext=3D"edit"><o:idmap=20
v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"49"></o:idmap></o:shapelayout></HEAD>
<BODY lang=3DEN-US onkeypress=3D_KPH() onresize=3D_RSW()=20
style=3D"MARGIN: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: black" =
onclick=3DDocumentOnClick()=20
onload=3DLoadSld() oa:clockstart=3D"onstart">
<DIV class=3Dsld id=3DSlideObj=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 16px; LEFT: 0px; VISIBILITY: hidden; WIDTH: 534px; =
CLIP: rect(0% 101% 101% 0%); POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: =
400px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: white"><p:slide=20
masterhref =3D "master03.xml" coordsize =3D "720,540" colors =3D=20
"#FFFFFF,#000000,#808080,#000000,#BBE0E3,#333399,#009999,#99CC00"><p:shap=
erange=20
href =3D "master03.xml#_x0000_s1025"></p:shaperange><![if =
!ppt]><p:shaperange href=20
=3D "master03.xml#_x0000_s1028"></p:shaperange><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_s1029"></p:shaperange><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_s1033"></p:shaperange><![if !vml]><img border=3D0
 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s1033,_x0000_s1031,_x0000_s1032" =
src=3D"master03_image002.gif"
 =
style=3D'position:absolute;top:80.0%;left:84.45%;width:15.91%;height:20.5=
%'><![endif]>
<DIV class=3DO v:shape=3D"_x0000_s1032">
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 85.39%; WIDTH: 13.85%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 87%; =
HEIGHT: 3%; TEXT-ALIGN: center"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 58%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; =
mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times =
New Roman'">Chemical=20
</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 84.08%; WIDTH: 16.47%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 90.25%; =
HEIGHT: 3%; TEXT-ALIGN: center"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 58%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; =
mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times =
New Roman'">Thermodynamics</SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; FONT-SIZE: 58%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: =
'Times New Roman'; mso-special-format: lastCR; mso-hansi-font-family: =
'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">=20
</SPAN></DIV></DIV><![endif]><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_m1026"></p:shaperange><v:shape id=3D_x0000_s50178=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 10in; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 18pt; HEIGHT: =
90pt" type=20
=3D "#_x0000_m1026" coordsize =3D "21600,21600"><v:fill=20
o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"></v:fill><v:stroke=20
o:forcedash=3D"f"></v:stroke><p:placeholder=20
type=3D"title"></p:placeholder></v:shape><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_m1027"></p:shaperange><v:shape id=3D_x0000_s50179=20
style=3D"LEFT: 90pt; WIDTH: 450pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 96pt; =
HEIGHT: 324pt"=20
type =3D "#_x0000_m1027" coordsize =3D "21600,21600"><v:fill=20
o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"></v:fill><v:stroke=20
o:forcedash=3D"f"></v:stroke><p:placeholder type=3D"body" size=3D"half"=20
position=3D"2"></p:placeholder></v:shape>
<DIV class=3DT=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0.74%; WIDTH: 98.87%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 7.24%; =
HEIGHT: 9.25%"=20
v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50178">Third Law of Thermodynamics</DIV>
<DIV class=3DHB v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50179">
<DIV style=3D"mso-margin-left-alt: 0"><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 13.48%; WIDTH: 72.47%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 18.75%; =
HEIGHT: 6%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: nobullet">=95</SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: black; mso-color-index: 1"><B>The entropy of a pure =
crystalline=20
</B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 13.48%; WIDTH: 70.59%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 25%; =
HEIGHT: 6%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: black; mso-color-index: 1"><B>substance at absolute zero =
is 0.=20
</B></SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 13.48%; WIDTH: 60.67%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 32.5%; =
HEIGHT: 6%; mso-margin-left-alt: 0"><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: nobullet">=95</SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 13.48%; WIDTH: 60.67%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 40%; =
HEIGHT: 6%; mso-margin-left-alt: 0"><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: nobullet">=95</SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: lastCR"> =
</SPAN></DIV></DIV><v:shape=20
id=3D_x0000_s50181=20
style=3D"LEFT: 173pt; WIDTH: 374pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 204pt; =
HEIGHT: 27pt"=20
type =3D "#_x0000_t75" coordsize =3D "21600,21600"><v:imagedata =
o:title=3D"" src =3D=20
"slide0024_image038.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape><![if !vml]><img =
border=3D0 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s50181"
 src=3D"slide0041_image040.jpg" =
style=3D'position:absolute;top:37.75%;left:23.97%;
 width:51.87%;height:5.0%'><![endif]><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_m1027"></p:shaperange><v:shape id=3D_x0000_s50183=20
style=3D"LEFT: 3in; WIDTH: 300pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 248pt; =
HEIGHT: 274pt"=20
type =3D "#_x0000_m1027" coordsize =3D "21600,21600" o:preferrelative =
=3D "t" o:spt =3D=20
"75" filled =3D "f" stroked =3D "f" path =3D " m@4@5 l@4@11@9@11@9@5 =
xe"><v:fill=20
o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"></v:fill><v:stroke joinstyle =3D=20
"miter"></v:stroke><v:imagedata o:title=3D"" src =3D=20
"slide0041_image041.jpg"></v:imagedata><v:formulas><v:f eqn =3D=20
"if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "sum @0 1 0 =
"></v:f><v:f eqn =3D=20
"sum 0 0 @1 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "prod @2 1 2 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D=20
"prod @3 21600 pixelWidth "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D=20
"prod @3 21600 pixelHeight "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "sum @0 0 1 "></v:f><v:f =
eqn =3D=20
"prod @6 1 2 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "prod @7 21600 pixelWidth "></v:f><v:f =
eqn =3D=20
"sum @8 21600 0 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "prod @7 21600 pixelHeight =
"></v:f><v:f eqn =3D=20
"sum @10 21600 0 "></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:extrusionok =3D "f"=20
gradientshapeok =3D "t" o:connecttype =3D "rect"></v:path><o:lock =
v:ext=3D"edit"=20
grouping=3D"t" aspectratio=3D"t"></o:lock><p:placeholder type=3D"object" =
size=3D"half"=20
position=3D"1"></p:placeholder><p:animation type=3D"noBuild" delay=3D"0" =

number=3D"2"></p:animation></v:shape><![if !vml]><img border=3D0
 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s50183" src=3D"slide0041_image042.jpg" =
style=3D'position:absolute;
 top:46.0%;left:29.96%;width:41.76%;height:50.75%'><![endif]><v:rect=20
id=3D_x0000_s50185=20
style=3D"LEFT: 24.25pt; WIDTH: 161.75pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: =
256.875pt; HEIGHT: 179.75pt"=20
coordsize =3D "21600,21600" filled =3D "f" fillcolor =3D "#bbe0e3 [4]" =
stroked =3D "f"=20
strokecolor =3D "black [1]"><v:fill color2 =3D "white =
[0]"></v:fill><v:shadow color=20
=3D "gray [2]"></v:shadow><v:textbox=20
style=3D"mso-fit-shape-to-text: t"></v:textbox><p:animation =
flag=3D"17408"=20
effect=3D"fade" type=3D"object" delay=3D"0" =
number=3D"1"></p:animation></v:rect>
<DIV class=3DO id=3D_x0000_s50185_AllText=20
style=3D"LEFT: 4.3%; WIDTH: 22.65%; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 48.5%; HEIGHT: 31.75%"=20
v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50185">
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: =
16.53%">Entropy:=20
</DIV><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 16.53%; =
HEIGHT: 16.53%">Smiles=20
for </SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 33.85%; HEIGHT: =
16.53%">stab=20
wounds </SPAN>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 50.39%; =
HEIGHT: 16.53%">2004=20
</DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 66.92%; =
HEIGHT: 16.53%"></DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 84.25%; =
HEIGHT: 16.53%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-special-format: lastCR; mso-ascii-font-family: =
TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B></B></SPAN></DIV></DIV><v:rect=20
id=3D_x0000_s50186=20
style=3D"LEFT: 522pt; WIDTH: 198pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 234pt; =
HEIGHT: 285.5pt"=20
coordsize =3D "21600,21600" fillcolor =3D "#cfc" stroked =3D "f" =
strokecolor =3D=20
"black [1]"><v:shadow color =3D "gray [2]"></v:shadow><v:textbox=20
style=3D"mso-fit-shape-to-text: t"></v:textbox><p:animation =
flag=3D"17412"=20
effect=3D"fade" type=3D"object" delay=3D"5000" =
number=3D"3"></p:animation></v:rect><![if !vml]><img
 border=3D0 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s50186" src=3D"slide0041_image043.gif"
 =
style=3D'position:absolute;top:43.25%;left:72.47%;width:27.9%;height:53.2=
5%'><![endif]>
<DIV class=3DO id=3D_x0000_s50186_AllText=20
style=3D"LEFT: 73.59%; WIDTH: 30.33%; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 44.25%; HEIGHT: 51.5%"=20
v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50186"><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: =
8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>No=20
stereotypes, </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 87.65%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8.73%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>labels,=20
or genres </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 17.47%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>can=20
rationalize </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 96.91%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 25.72%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>this.=20
Fueled by the </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 34.46%; HEIGHT: =
8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>decay=20
of the world, </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 86.41%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 43.2%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>order=20
and chaos </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 86.41%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 51.94%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>unite,=20
Entropy is </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 60.19%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>born...=20
</B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 85.8%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 68.93%; =
HEIGHT: 10.19%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: #323564; FONT-FAMILY: ArialMS; mso-ascii-font-family: =
ArialMS">Music=20
to make </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 79.61%; =
HEIGHT: 10.19%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: #323564; FONT-FAMILY: ArialMS; mso-ascii-font-family: =
ArialMS">your=20
head </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 89.8%; =
HEIGHT: 10.19%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: #323564; FONT-FAMILY: ArialMS; mso-ascii-font-family: =
ArialMS">explode</SPAN></SPAN></DIV><v:rect=20
id=3D_x0000_s50187=20
style=3D"LEFT: 6pt; WIDTH: 289.25pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 500pt; =
HEIGHT: 24pt; mso-wrap-style: none; v-text-anchor: top-baseline"=20
coordsize =3D "21600,21600" filled =3D "f" fillcolor =3D "#bbe0e3 [4]" =
stroked =3D "f"=20
strokecolor =3D "black [1]"><v:fill color2 =3D "white =
[0]"></v:fill><v:shadow color=20
=3D "gray [2]"></v:shadow><v:textbox=20
style=3D"mso-fit-shape-to-text: t"></v:textbox><p:animation =
flag=3D"17412"=20
effect=3D"fade" type=3D"object" delay=3D"1000" =
number=3D"4"></p:animation></v:rect>
<DIV class=3DO id=3D_x0000_s50187_AllText=20
style=3D"LEFT: 1.87%; WIDTH: 45.88%; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 93.5%; HEIGHT: 3.25%"=20
v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50187">
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: =
100%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: =
58%">http://www.garageband.com/artist/entropy_1</SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: lastCR"> =
</SPAN></DIV></DIV><![if !ppt]>
<DIV style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><![endif]><v:shape id=3D_x0000_s50188=20
style=3D"LEFT: 24pt; WIDTH: 32pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 228pt; =
HEIGHT: 32pt"=20
type =3D "#_x0000_t75" coordsize =3D "21600,21600"><v:fill=20
o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"></v:fill><v:imagedata o:title=3D"" src =3D=20
"slide0041_image044.png"></v:imagedata><o:lock v:ext=3D"edit"=20
rotation=3D"t"></o:lock><p:animation flag=3D"17408" effect=3D"fade" =
type=3D"object"=20
delay=3D"0" number=3D"2"></p:animation><p:onmouseclick=20
action=3D"playMedia"></p:onmouseclick><p:media=20
href=3D"http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/files/ch1120-sgreen/en=
tropy-%20postcast%2020#33B5B8.mp3"=20
type=3D"linkedWAV"></p:media></v:shape><![if !ppt]></DIV><![endif]><![if =
!ppt]>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 3.37%; VISIBILITY: hidden; WIDTH: 4.68%; CURSOR: hand; =
POSITION: absolute; TOP: 42.25%; HEIGHT: 6.25%"=20
onclick=3Dwindow.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue;><![endif]><MAP =
name=3Dmap_s12><AREA=20
  onclick=3Dwindow.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; shape=3DRECT =
coords=3D0,0,24,24=20
  href=3D"javascript:PlaySound('file0002.mp3',false);"></MAP><![if =
!ppt]><IMG=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 96%; CURSOR: hand; POSITION: absolute; TOP: =
0%; HEIGHT: 96%"=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image045.gif"=20
useMap=3D#map_s12 border=3D0 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s50188"><![endif]><![if =
!ppt]></DIV><![endif]></p:slide></DIV><p:animation=20
number=3D"-383402653"></p:animation><oa:par id=3DTimeNode0 =
p:nodeType=3D"timingRoot"=20
restart=3D"never" dur=3D"indefinite"><oa:seq id=3DTimeNode1 =
p:nodeType=3D"mainSeq"=20
dur=3D"indefinite" nextAction=3D"seek" concurrent=3D"enabled"=20
next=3D"document.onpptnext" prev=3D"document.onpptprev"><oa:par =
id=3DTimeNode2=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"indefinite"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode3 fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.0"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode4 p:nodeType=3D"clickEffect" =
fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.0" o:groupID=3D"0" o:presetSubType=3D"0xC3151D8" =
o:presetClass=3D"entrance"=20
o:presetID=3D"ppt_1293352"><oa:set id=3DTimeNode5 dur=3D"0.001" =
fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.499" to=3D"visible" attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50185"></oa:set></oa:par><![if !ppt]><oa:par =
id=3DTimeNode6=20
p:nodeType=3D"withEffect" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.0" =
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC3151D8"=20
o:presetClass=3D"entrance" o:presetID=3D"ppt_1293352"><oa:set =
id=3DTimeNode7=20
dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" to=3D"visible"=20
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50185_AllText"></oa:set></oa:par><![endif]></oa:=
par></oa:par><oa:par=20
id=3DTimeNode8 fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"indefinite"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode9 =
fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.0"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode10 p:nodeType=3D"clickEffect" =
fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.0" o:presetSubType=3D"0xC316454" o:presetClass=3D"entrance"=20
o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set id=3DTimeNode11 dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" =
begin=3D"0.499"=20
to=3D"visible" attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50188"></oa:set></oa:par></oa:par><oa:par =
id=3DTimeNode12=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.5"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode13 =
p:nodeType=3D"afterEffect"=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.0" o:presetSubType=3D"0x0" =
o:presetClass=3D"mediacall"=20
o:presetID=3D"ppt_1"><oa:command id=3DTimeNode14 type=3D"call" =
dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold"=20
targetElement=3D"TimeNode25"=20
cmd=3D"playFrom(0.0)"></oa:command></oa:par></oa:par><oa:par =
id=3DTimeNode15=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.501"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode16 =
p:nodeType=3D"afterEffect"=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"5.0" o:groupID=3D"0" =
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC315610"=20
o:presetClass=3D"entrance" o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set id=3DTimeNode17 =
dur=3D"0.001"=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" to=3D"visible" =
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50186"></oa:set></oa:par><![if !ppt]><oa:par=20
id=3DTimeNode18 p:nodeType=3D"withEffect" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"5.0"=20
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC315610" o:presetClass=3D"entrance" =
o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set=20
id=3DTimeNode19 dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" =
to=3D"visible"=20
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50186_AllText"></oa:set></oa:par><![endif]></oa:=
par><oa:par=20
id=3DTimeNode20 fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"6.001"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode21=20
p:nodeType=3D"afterEffect" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"1.0" o:groupID=3D"0"=20
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC315EA8" o:presetClass=3D"entrance" =
o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set=20
id=3DTimeNode22 dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" =
to=3D"visible"=20
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50187"></oa:set></oa:par><![if !ppt]><oa:par=20
id=3DTimeNode23 p:nodeType=3D"withEffect" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"1.0"=20
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC315EA8" o:presetClass=3D"entrance" =
o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set=20
id=3DTimeNode24 dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" =
to=3D"visible"=20
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50187_AllText"></oa:set></oa:par><![endif]></oa:=
par></oa:par></oa:seq><oa:audio=20
id=3DTimeNode25 src=3D"file0002.mp3" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"indefinite"=20
o:display=3D"hidden" repeatCount=3D"1.0"=20
end=3D"document.onpptnext;document.onpptprev;document.onstopaudio" =
volume=3D"50.0"=20
o:srcRef=3D"_x0000_s50188" =
o:srcRefType=3D"shape"></oa:audio></oa:par><![if ppt]>
<oa:buildParagraph targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50185" groupID=3D"0" =
build=3D"asAWhole"
 buildLevel=3D"1" reverse=3D"false" buildAdvance=3D"onclick" =
userSetAnimBgd=3D"true"/><oa:buildParagraph
 targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50186" groupID=3D"0" build=3D"asAWhole" =
buildLevel=3D"1"
 alsoAnimate=3D"background" reverse=3D"false" buildAdvance=3D"onclick"
 userSetAnimBgd=3D"true"/><oa:buildParagraph =
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50187"
 groupID=3D"0" build=3D"asAWhole" buildLevel=3D"1" reverse=3D"false"
 buildAdvance=3D"onclick" userSetAnimBgd=3D"true"/>
<![endif]></BODY></HTML>

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: text/css;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/master03_stylesheet.css

BODY {
	WIDTH: 534px; HEIGHT: 400px
}
.TB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.T {
	FONT-SIZE: 209%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
center; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: =
Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.BB {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.B {
	FONT-SIZE: 152%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.B1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: bullet=D8
}
.B1 {
	FONT-SIZE: 133%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.B2B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.B2 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.B3B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=96
}
.B3 {
	FONT-SIZE: 95%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.B4B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=BB
}
.B4 {
	FONT-SIZE: 95%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.NB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.N1B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N1 {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.N2B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N2 {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.N3B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N3 {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.N4N {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.N4 {
	FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: left; =
mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-color-index: 1
}
.OB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-color-index: 1
}
.O1B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O1 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial
}
.O2B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O2 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial
}
.O3B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O3 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial
}
.O4B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.O4 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial
}
.CBB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.CB {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CB1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: nobullet=D8
}
.CB1 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CB2B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.CB2 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CB3B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=96
}
.CB3 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CB4B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=BB
}
.CB4 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.CTB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.CT {
	FONT-SIZE: 209%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
center; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: =
Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HBB {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.HB {
	FONT-SIZE: 133%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HB1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: bullet=D8
}
.HB1 {
	FONT-SIZE: 114%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; TEXT-ALIGN: =
left; mso-fareast-font-family: "MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; =
mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HB2B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.HB2 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HB3B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=96
}
.HB3 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.HB4B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=BB
}
.HB4 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QBB {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.QB {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QB1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: bullet=D8
}
.QB1 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QB2B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=95
}
.QB2 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QB3B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=96
}
.QB3 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.QB4B {
	mso-special-format: bullet=BB
}
.QB4 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.TblB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.Tbl {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.Tbl1B {
	FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-special-format: nobullet=D8
}
.Tbl1 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.Tbl2B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.Tbl2 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.Tbl3B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=96
}
.Tbl3 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.Tbl4B {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=BB
}
.Tbl4 {
	COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 1; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1
}
.defaultB {
	mso-special-format: nobullet=95
}
.default {
	FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 114%; COLOR: black; DIRECTION: ltr; =
LAYOUT-FLOW: horizontal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: "MSP????"; =
TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-fareast-font-family: =
"MSP????"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-wrap: 0; =
mso-kinsoku-overflow: 0; mso-color-index: 1; mso-ascii-font-family: =
Arial; text-shadow: none; text-effect: none; mso-fareast-hint: no; =
mso-text-raise: 0%; mso-line-spacing: "100 0 0"; mso-margin-left-alt: 0; =
mso-text-indent-alt: 0; mso-word-wrap: 1; mso-vertical-align-special: =
baseline; mso-ansi-language: EN-US
}
A:link {
	COLOR: #009999! important
}
A:active {
	COLOR: #333399! important
}
A:visited {
	COLOR: #99cc00! important
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/slide0041.htm

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40" xmlns:v =3D=20
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o =3D=20
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:p =3D=20
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" xmlns:oa =3D=20
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:activation"><HEAD><TITLE>PowerPoint =
Presentation - Chapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics</TITLE>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Dwindows-1252">
<META content=3DPowerPoint.Slide name=3DProgId>
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16481" name=3DGENERATOR><LINK =
id=3DMain-File=20
href=3D"../chap19.htm" rel=3DMain-File><LINK href=3D"preview.wmf" =
rel=3DPreview><!--[if !mso]>
<STYLE>v\:* {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
o\:* {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
p\:* {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
.shape {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
v\:textbox {
	DISPLAY: none
}
</STYLE>
<![endif]-->
<META content=3D"3/12/2008: Third Law of Thermodynamics" =
name=3DDescription><LINK=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_stylesheet.css"=20
rel=3DStylesheet><!--[if gte IE 5]>
<OBJECT id=3DMSOANIM =
classid=3DCLSID:A4639D2F-774E-11D3-A490-00C04F6843FB></OBJECT>
<OBJECT id=3DMSOTIME =
classid=3DCLSID:A4639D29-774E-11D3-A490-00C04F6843FB></OBJECT><![endif]--=
><![if !ppt]><BGSOUND=20
id=3DpptSound>
<STYLE media=3Dprint>.sld {
	FONT-SIZE: 107%! important; LEFT: 0px! important; WIDTH: 6in! =
important; HEIGHT: 4.5in! important
}
</STYLE>

<STYLE>oa\:* {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOANIM#ANIM) url(#MSOTIME#TIME)
}
oa\:par {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME)
}
oa\:seq {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME)
}
oa\:iterate {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME)
}
oa\:video {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME) url(#MSOTIME#MEDIA)
}
oa\:audio {
	BEHAVIOR: url(#MSOTIME) url(#MSOTIME#MEDIA)
}
</STYLE>

<SCRIPT=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/script.js"></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT><!--
if( !IsNts() ) Redirect( "PPTSld" );
//--></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT><!--
g_animItemsToHide=3Dnew =
Array("_x0000_s50187_AllText","_x0000_s50187","_x0000_s50186_AllText","_x=
0000_s50186","_x0000_s50188","_x0000_s50185_AllText","_x0000_s50185");

//--></SCRIPT>
<!--[if vml]>
<SCRIPT>g_vml =3D 1;
</SCRIPT>
<![endif]--><![endif]><p:slidetransition flag=3D"1" effect=3D"alphafade" =
speed=3D"0"=20
advancetime=3D"0"></p:slidetransition><o:shapelayout =
v:ext=3D"edit"><o:idmap=20
v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"49"></o:idmap></o:shapelayout></HEAD>
<BODY lang=3DEN-US onkeypress=3D_KPH() onresize=3D_RSW()=20
style=3D"MARGIN: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: black" =
onclick=3DDocumentOnClick()=20
onload=3DLoadSld() oa:clockstart=3D"onstart">
<DIV class=3Dsld id=3DSlideObj=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 16px; LEFT: 0px; VISIBILITY: hidden; WIDTH: 534px; =
CLIP: rect(0% 101% 101% 0%); POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: =
400px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: white"><p:slide=20
masterhref =3D "master03.xml" coordsize =3D "720,540" colors =3D=20
"#FFFFFF,#000000,#808080,#000000,#BBE0E3,#333399,#009999,#99CC00"><p:shap=
erange=20
href =3D "master03.xml#_x0000_s1025"></p:shaperange><![if =
!ppt]><p:shaperange href=20
=3D "master03.xml#_x0000_s1028"></p:shaperange><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_s1029"></p:shaperange><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_s1033"></p:shaperange><![if !vml]><img border=3D0
 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s1033,_x0000_s1031,_x0000_s1032" =
src=3D"master03_image002.gif"
 =
style=3D'position:absolute;top:80.0%;left:84.45%;width:15.91%;height:20.5=
%'><![endif]>
<DIV class=3DO v:shape=3D"_x0000_s1032">
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 85.39%; WIDTH: 13.85%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 87%; =
HEIGHT: 3%; TEXT-ALIGN: center"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 58%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; =
mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times =
New Roman'">Chemical=20
</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 84.08%; WIDTH: 16.47%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 90.25%; =
HEIGHT: 3%; TEXT-ALIGN: center"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 58%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; =
mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times =
New Roman'">Thermodynamics</SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; FONT-SIZE: 58%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: =
'Times New Roman'; mso-special-format: lastCR; mso-hansi-font-family: =
'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">=20
</SPAN></DIV></DIV><![endif]><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_m1026"></p:shaperange><v:shape id=3D_x0000_s50178=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 10in; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 18pt; HEIGHT: =
90pt" type=20
=3D "#_x0000_m1026" coordsize =3D "21600,21600"><v:fill=20
o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"></v:fill><v:stroke=20
o:forcedash=3D"f"></v:stroke><p:placeholder=20
type=3D"title"></p:placeholder></v:shape><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_m1027"></p:shaperange><v:shape id=3D_x0000_s50179=20
style=3D"LEFT: 90pt; WIDTH: 450pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 96pt; =
HEIGHT: 324pt"=20
type =3D "#_x0000_m1027" coordsize =3D "21600,21600"><v:fill=20
o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"></v:fill><v:stroke=20
o:forcedash=3D"f"></v:stroke><p:placeholder type=3D"body" size=3D"half"=20
position=3D"2"></p:placeholder></v:shape>
<DIV class=3DT=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0.74%; WIDTH: 98.87%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 7.24%; =
HEIGHT: 9.25%"=20
v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50178">Third Law of Thermodynamics</DIV>
<DIV class=3DHB v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50179">
<DIV style=3D"mso-margin-left-alt: 0"><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 13.48%; WIDTH: 72.47%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 18.75%; =
HEIGHT: 6%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: nobullet">=95</SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: black; mso-color-index: 1"><B>The entropy of a pure =
crystalline=20
</B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 13.48%; WIDTH: 70.59%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 25%; =
HEIGHT: 6%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: black; mso-color-index: 1"><B>substance at absolute zero =
is 0.=20
</B></SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 13.48%; WIDTH: 60.67%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 32.5%; =
HEIGHT: 6%; mso-margin-left-alt: 0"><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: nobullet">=95</SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 13.48%; WIDTH: 60.67%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 40%; =
HEIGHT: 6%; mso-margin-left-alt: 0"><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: nobullet">=95</SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: lastCR"> =
</SPAN></DIV></DIV><v:shape=20
id=3D_x0000_s50181=20
style=3D"LEFT: 173pt; WIDTH: 374pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 204pt; =
HEIGHT: 27pt"=20
type =3D "#_x0000_t75" coordsize =3D "21600,21600"><v:imagedata =
o:title=3D"" src =3D=20
"slide0024_image038.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape><![if !vml]><img =
border=3D0 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s50181"
 src=3D"slide0041_image040.jpg" =
style=3D'position:absolute;top:37.75%;left:23.97%;
 width:51.87%;height:5.0%'><![endif]><p:shaperange href =3D=20
"master03.xml#_x0000_m1027"></p:shaperange><v:shape id=3D_x0000_s50183=20
style=3D"LEFT: 3in; WIDTH: 300pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 248pt; =
HEIGHT: 274pt"=20
type =3D "#_x0000_m1027" coordsize =3D "21600,21600" o:preferrelative =
=3D "t" o:spt =3D=20
"75" filled =3D "f" stroked =3D "f" path =3D " m@4@5 l@4@11@9@11@9@5 =
xe"><v:fill=20
o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"></v:fill><v:stroke joinstyle =3D=20
"miter"></v:stroke><v:imagedata o:title=3D"" src =3D=20
"slide0041_image041.jpg"></v:imagedata><v:formulas><v:f eqn =3D=20
"if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "sum @0 1 0 =
"></v:f><v:f eqn =3D=20
"sum 0 0 @1 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "prod @2 1 2 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D=20
"prod @3 21600 pixelWidth "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D=20
"prod @3 21600 pixelHeight "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "sum @0 0 1 "></v:f><v:f =
eqn =3D=20
"prod @6 1 2 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "prod @7 21600 pixelWidth "></v:f><v:f =
eqn =3D=20
"sum @8 21600 0 "></v:f><v:f eqn =3D "prod @7 21600 pixelHeight =
"></v:f><v:f eqn =3D=20
"sum @10 21600 0 "></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:extrusionok =3D "f"=20
gradientshapeok =3D "t" o:connecttype =3D "rect"></v:path><o:lock =
v:ext=3D"edit"=20
grouping=3D"t" aspectratio=3D"t"></o:lock><p:placeholder type=3D"object" =
size=3D"half"=20
position=3D"1"></p:placeholder><p:animation type=3D"noBuild" delay=3D"0" =

number=3D"2"></p:animation></v:shape><![if !vml]><img border=3D0
 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s50183" src=3D"slide0041_image042.jpg" =
style=3D'position:absolute;
 top:46.0%;left:29.96%;width:41.76%;height:50.75%'><![endif]><v:rect=20
id=3D_x0000_s50185=20
style=3D"LEFT: 24.25pt; WIDTH: 161.75pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: =
256.875pt; HEIGHT: 179.75pt"=20
coordsize =3D "21600,21600" filled =3D "f" fillcolor =3D "#bbe0e3 [4]" =
stroked =3D "f"=20
strokecolor =3D "black [1]"><v:fill color2 =3D "white =
[0]"></v:fill><v:shadow color=20
=3D "gray [2]"></v:shadow><v:textbox=20
style=3D"mso-fit-shape-to-text: t"></v:textbox><p:animation =
flag=3D"17408"=20
effect=3D"fade" type=3D"object" delay=3D"0" =
number=3D"1"></p:animation></v:rect>
<DIV class=3DO id=3D_x0000_s50185_AllText=20
style=3D"LEFT: 4.3%; WIDTH: 22.65%; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 48.5%; HEIGHT: 31.75%"=20
v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50185">
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: =
16.53%">Entropy:=20
</DIV><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 16.53%; =
HEIGHT: 16.53%">Smiles=20
for </SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 33.85%; HEIGHT: =
16.53%">stab=20
wounds </SPAN>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 50.39%; =
HEIGHT: 16.53%">2004=20
</DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 66.92%; =
HEIGHT: 16.53%"></DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 90.9%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 84.25%; =
HEIGHT: 16.53%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-special-format: lastCR; mso-ascii-font-family: =
TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B></B></SPAN></DIV></DIV><v:rect=20
id=3D_x0000_s50186=20
style=3D"LEFT: 522pt; WIDTH: 198pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 234pt; =
HEIGHT: 285.5pt"=20
coordsize =3D "21600,21600" fillcolor =3D "#cfc" stroked =3D "f" =
strokecolor =3D=20
"black [1]"><v:shadow color =3D "gray [2]"></v:shadow><v:textbox=20
style=3D"mso-fit-shape-to-text: t"></v:textbox><p:animation =
flag=3D"17412"=20
effect=3D"fade" type=3D"object" delay=3D"5000" =
number=3D"3"></p:animation></v:rect><![if !vml]><img
 border=3D0 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s50186" src=3D"slide0041_image043.gif"
 =
style=3D'position:absolute;top:43.25%;left:72.47%;width:27.9%;height:53.2=
5%'><![endif]>
<DIV class=3DO id=3D_x0000_s50186_AllText=20
style=3D"LEFT: 73.59%; WIDTH: 30.33%; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 44.25%; HEIGHT: 51.5%"=20
v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50186"><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: =
8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>No=20
stereotypes, </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 87.65%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8.73%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>labels,=20
or genres </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 17.47%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>can=20
rationalize </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 96.91%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 25.72%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>this.=20
Fueled by the </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 34.46%; HEIGHT: =
8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>decay=20
of the world, </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 86.41%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 43.2%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>order=20
and chaos </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 86.41%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 51.94%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>unite,=20
Entropy is </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 60.19%; =
HEIGHT: 8.73%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 83%; COLOR: #c82e32; FONT-FAMILY: TrebuchetMS-Bold; =
mso-ascii-font-family: TrebuchetMS-Bold"><B>born...=20
</B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 85.8%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 68.93%; =
HEIGHT: 10.19%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: #323564; FONT-FAMILY: ArialMS; mso-ascii-font-family: =
ArialMS">Music=20
to make </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 79.61%; =
HEIGHT: 10.19%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: #323564; FONT-FAMILY: ArialMS; mso-ascii-font-family: =
ArialMS">your=20
head </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 84.56%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 89.8%; =
HEIGHT: 10.19%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"COLOR: #323564; FONT-FAMILY: ArialMS; mso-ascii-font-family: =
ArialMS">explode</SPAN></SPAN></DIV><v:rect=20
id=3D_x0000_s50187=20
style=3D"LEFT: 6pt; WIDTH: 289.25pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 500pt; =
HEIGHT: 24pt; mso-wrap-style: none; v-text-anchor: top-baseline"=20
coordsize =3D "21600,21600" filled =3D "f" fillcolor =3D "#bbe0e3 [4]" =
stroked =3D "f"=20
strokecolor =3D "black [1]"><v:fill color2 =3D "white =
[0]"></v:fill><v:shadow color=20
=3D "gray [2]"></v:shadow><v:textbox=20
style=3D"mso-fit-shape-to-text: t"></v:textbox><p:animation =
flag=3D"17412"=20
effect=3D"fade" type=3D"object" delay=3D"1000" =
number=3D"4"></p:animation></v:rect>
<DIV class=3DO id=3D_x0000_s50187_AllText=20
style=3D"LEFT: 1.87%; WIDTH: 45.88%; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 93.5%; HEIGHT: 3.25%"=20
v:shape=3D"_x0000_s50187">
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: =
100%"><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: =
58%">http://www.garageband.com/artist/entropy_1</SPAN><SPAN=20
style=3D"DISPLAY: none; mso-special-format: lastCR"> =
</SPAN></DIV></DIV><![if !ppt]>
<DIV style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><![endif]><v:shape id=3D_x0000_s50188=20
style=3D"LEFT: 24pt; WIDTH: 32pt; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 228pt; =
HEIGHT: 32pt"=20
type =3D "#_x0000_t75" coordsize =3D "21600,21600"><v:fill=20
o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"></v:fill><v:imagedata o:title=3D"" src =3D=20
"slide0041_image044.png"></v:imagedata><o:lock v:ext=3D"edit"=20
rotation=3D"t"></o:lock><p:animation flag=3D"17408" effect=3D"fade" =
type=3D"object"=20
delay=3D"0" number=3D"2"></p:animation><p:onmouseclick=20
action=3D"playMedia"></p:onmouseclick><p:media=20
href=3D"http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/files/ch1120-sgreen/en=
tropy-%20postcast%2020#33B5B8.mp3"=20
type=3D"linkedWAV"></p:media></v:shape><![if !ppt]></DIV><![endif]><![if =
!ppt]>
<DIV=20
style=3D"LEFT: 3.37%; VISIBILITY: hidden; WIDTH: 4.68%; CURSOR: hand; =
POSITION: absolute; TOP: 42.25%; HEIGHT: 6.25%"=20
onclick=3Dwindow.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue;><![endif]><MAP =
name=3Dmap_s12><AREA=20
  onclick=3Dwindow.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; shape=3DRECT =
coords=3D0,0,24,24=20
  href=3D"javascript:PlaySound('file0002.mp3',false);"></MAP><![if =
!ppt]><IMG=20
style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 96%; CURSOR: hand; POSITION: absolute; TOP: =
0%; HEIGHT: 96%"=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image045.gif"=20
useMap=3D#map_s12 border=3D0 v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s50188"><![endif]><![if =
!ppt]></DIV><![endif]></p:slide></DIV><p:animation=20
number=3D"-383402653"></p:animation><oa:par id=3DTimeNode0 =
p:nodeType=3D"timingRoot"=20
restart=3D"never" dur=3D"indefinite"><oa:seq id=3DTimeNode1 =
p:nodeType=3D"mainSeq"=20
dur=3D"indefinite" nextAction=3D"seek" concurrent=3D"enabled"=20
next=3D"document.onpptnext" prev=3D"document.onpptprev"><oa:par =
id=3DTimeNode2=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"indefinite"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode3 fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.0"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode4 p:nodeType=3D"clickEffect" =
fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.0" o:groupID=3D"0" o:presetSubType=3D"0xC3151D8" =
o:presetClass=3D"entrance"=20
o:presetID=3D"ppt_1293352"><oa:set id=3DTimeNode5 dur=3D"0.001" =
fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.499" to=3D"visible" attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50185"></oa:set></oa:par><![if !ppt]><oa:par =
id=3DTimeNode6=20
p:nodeType=3D"withEffect" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.0" =
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC3151D8"=20
o:presetClass=3D"entrance" o:presetID=3D"ppt_1293352"><oa:set =
id=3DTimeNode7=20
dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" to=3D"visible"=20
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50185_AllText"></oa:set></oa:par><![endif]></oa:=
par></oa:par><oa:par=20
id=3DTimeNode8 fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"indefinite"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode9 =
fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.0"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode10 p:nodeType=3D"clickEffect" =
fill=3D"hold"=20
begin=3D"0.0" o:presetSubType=3D"0xC316454" o:presetClass=3D"entrance"=20
o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set id=3DTimeNode11 dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" =
begin=3D"0.499"=20
to=3D"visible" attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50188"></oa:set></oa:par></oa:par><oa:par =
id=3DTimeNode12=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.5"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode13 =
p:nodeType=3D"afterEffect"=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.0" o:presetSubType=3D"0x0" =
o:presetClass=3D"mediacall"=20
o:presetID=3D"ppt_1"><oa:command id=3DTimeNode14 type=3D"call" =
dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold"=20
targetElement=3D"TimeNode25"=20
cmd=3D"playFrom(0.0)"></oa:command></oa:par></oa:par><oa:par =
id=3DTimeNode15=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.501"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode16 =
p:nodeType=3D"afterEffect"=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"5.0" o:groupID=3D"0" =
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC315610"=20
o:presetClass=3D"entrance" o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set id=3DTimeNode17 =
dur=3D"0.001"=20
fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" to=3D"visible" =
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50186"></oa:set></oa:par><![if !ppt]><oa:par=20
id=3DTimeNode18 p:nodeType=3D"withEffect" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"5.0"=20
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC315610" o:presetClass=3D"entrance" =
o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set=20
id=3DTimeNode19 dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" =
to=3D"visible"=20
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50186_AllText"></oa:set></oa:par><![endif]></oa:=
par><oa:par=20
id=3DTimeNode20 fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"6.001"><oa:par id=3DTimeNode21=20
p:nodeType=3D"afterEffect" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"1.0" o:groupID=3D"0"=20
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC315EA8" o:presetClass=3D"entrance" =
o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set=20
id=3DTimeNode22 dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" =
to=3D"visible"=20
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50187"></oa:set></oa:par><![if !ppt]><oa:par=20
id=3DTimeNode23 p:nodeType=3D"withEffect" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"1.0"=20
o:presetSubType=3D"0xC315EA8" o:presetClass=3D"entrance" =
o:presetID=3D"ppt_0"><oa:set=20
id=3DTimeNode24 dur=3D"0.001" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"0.499" =
to=3D"visible"=20
attributeName=3D"style.visibility"=20
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50187_AllText"></oa:set></oa:par><![endif]></oa:=
par></oa:par></oa:seq><oa:audio=20
id=3DTimeNode25 src=3D"file0002.mp3" fill=3D"hold" begin=3D"indefinite"=20
o:display=3D"hidden" repeatCount=3D"1.0"=20
end=3D"document.onpptnext;document.onpptprev;document.onstopaudio" =
volume=3D"50.0"=20
o:srcRef=3D"_x0000_s50188" =
o:srcRefType=3D"shape"></oa:audio></oa:par><![if ppt]>
<oa:buildParagraph targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50185" groupID=3D"0" =
build=3D"asAWhole"
 buildLevel=3D"1" reverse=3D"false" buildAdvance=3D"onclick" =
userSetAnimBgd=3D"true"/><oa:buildParagraph
 targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50186" groupID=3D"0" build=3D"asAWhole" =
buildLevel=3D"1"
 alsoAnimate=3D"background" reverse=3D"false" buildAdvance=3D"onclick"
 userSetAnimBgd=3D"true"/><oa:buildParagraph =
targetElement=3D"_x0000_s50187"
 groupID=3D"0" build=3D"asAWhole" buildLevel=3D"1" reverse=3D"false"
 buildAdvance=3D"onclick" userSetAnimBgd=3D"true"/>
<![endif]></BODY></HTML>

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/outline.htm

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Dwindows-1252">
<META content=3DPowerPoint.Slide name=3DProgId>
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16481" name=3DGENERATOR><LINK =
id=3DMain-File=20
href=3D"../chap19.htm" rel=3DMain-File><LINK href=3D"preview.wmf" =
rel=3DPreview>
<META content=3DNoIndex name=3DRobots>
<SCRIPT=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/script.js"></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT><!--

if( !(IsWin("PPTOtl")||IsWin("PPTNav")||IsWin("PPTOtlNav")) )
{
	obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
	parent.location.href=3Dobj.href
}

var =
gOtlHiliteClr=3D"#ffffff",gOtlNormalClr=3D"#000000",gOtlActiveClr=3D"#fff=
f00",gSelected=3D"",gTxtState=3Dfalse,gChildEntryTable=3Dnew Array()

function Load()
{
	if( IsWin("PPTOtl" ) ){ LoadOtl(); parent.gOtlLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
	if( g_supportsPPTHTML ) {
		if( IsWin("PPTNav" ) ){ LoadNav("NavObj",UpdNav); =
parent.gNavLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
		if( IsWin("PPTOtlNav" ) ){ LoadNav("OtlNavObj",UpdOtlNav); =
parent.gOtlNavLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
	}
}
function Upd(){ if( IsWin("PPTNav") ) LoadNav("NavObj",UpdNav) }
function LoadNav( oId,UpdFunc )
{
	document.ondragstart=3DCancelDrag
	document.onselectstart=3DCancelDrag
	document.body.style.margin=3D2
	UpdFunc()
	obj=3Ddocument.all.item(oId)
	obj.style.display=3D"block"
	obj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
	document.bgColor=3D"threedface"

	if( parent.frames["PPTNts"] )
		notesBtn.style.display =3D ""
	if( parent.gHasNarration )
		nb_voiceBorder.style.display =3D ""
}
function LoadOtl()
{
	var otl=3DGetObj("OtlObj")
	otl.style.display=3D"block"
	otl.style.visibility=3D"visible"
	if( gOtlActiveClr =3D=3D "" ) gOtlActiveClr=3Ddocument.linkColor
	if( gOtlHiliteClr =3D=3D "" ) gOtlHiliteClr=3Ddocument.fgColor
	if( gOtlNormalClr =3D=3D "" )
		gOtlNormalClr=3Ddocument.bgColor
	else
		document.bgColor=3DgOtlNormalClr =20

	InitArray()

	if( ObjExists( parent.gCurSld ) ) {
		ChangeState( parent.gCurSld,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
		gSelected=3Dparent.gCurSld
	}
	else gSelected =3D -1

	UpdOtl()
}
function UpdOtl(){ UpdIdx(parent.gCurSld) }
function UpdIdx( idx )
{
	if( gSelected !=3D idx ) {
		if( gSelected > 0 )
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlHiliteClr,gOtlNormalClr )

		if( ObjExists( idx ) ) {
			gSelected =3D idx
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
		}
		else gSelected =3D -1
	}

	if( gTxtState !=3D parent.gOtlTxtExp ) {
		state =3D "block"
		if( !parent.gOtlTxtExp )
			state=3D"none"

		for(ii=3D0; ii<gChildEntryTable.length; ii++) {
			obj=3DgChildEntryTable[ii];
			if( obj.id =3D=3D null ) continue;

			if( obj.id.indexOf("PPTC") >=3D 0 )
				obj.style.display=3Dstate;
		}=20
		gTxtState=3Dparent.gOtlTxtExp
		if( ObjExists( gSelected ) )
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
	}
}
function InitArray()
{
	count=3D0
	var list=3DGetTags(document,"DIV");
	for(ii=3D0; ii<list.length; ii++) {
		obj=3Dlist.item(ii)
		if( obj.id =3D=3D null ) continue

		if( obj.id.indexOf("PPTC") >=3D 0 ) =20
			gChildEntryTable[count++]=3Dobj
	}
}
function ChangeState( idx,fgColor,bgColor )
{
	obj=3DGetObj("PPTL"+idx)
	obj.style.color=3DfgColor

	obj=3DGetObj("PPTP"+idx)
	obj.style.backgroundColor=3DbgColor
}
function ChgClr( o,clr ){ if( o.id !=3D "PPTL"+gSelected ) =
o.style.color=3Dclr }
function Over( src ){ ChgClr(GetLink(src),gOtlActiveClr) }
function Out( src ){ ChgClr(GetLink(src),gOtlHiliteClr) }
function Follow(src){ window.location.href =3D GetLink(src).href; }
function ObjExists( ii ) { obj=3DGetObj("PPTP"+ii ); return( obj ) }
function GoToSld( href ){ UpdIdx(parent.GetSldNum(href)); =
parent.GoToSld( href ) }
function CancelDrag(){ =
window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue;window.event.returnValue=3Dfalse}
function GetLink(src)
{
   if(src.tagName=3D=3D"A") return src
   else return GetTags(src,"A").item(0)
}

function UpdNav()
{
	txt =3D "<center>";
	if( parent.GetHrefObj( parent.gCurSld ).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
		txt +=3D "Slide " + parent.GetCurSldNum() + " of " + =
parent.GetNumSlds()
	else
		txt +=3D "Hidden Slide"
	txt +=3D "</center>";
	nav_text.innerHTML =3D txt;

	if( !parent.HasPrevSld() )
		gBtnArr["nb_prev"].Enabled(0)
	else
		gBtnArr["nb_prev"].Enabled(1)

	if( !parent.HasNextSld() )
		gBtnArr["nb_next"].Enabled(0)
	else
		gBtnArr["nb_next"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_nts"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag( parent.gHasNts )

	gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_voice"].Enabled(1)
}

function ExecBtn()
{
	if (event.keyCode =3D=3D 13)
	{
		BtnOnDown();
		BtnOnUp();
	}
}
function UpdOtlNav()
{
	gBtnArr["nb_otl"].SetEnabled();

	if( parent.gOtlOpen )
		gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].Enabled( true );
	else
		document.all.item("nb_otlTxtBorder").style.visibility =3D "hidden";
}




//--></SCRIPT>

<STYLE>.PTxt {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; WIDTH: 100%; =
POSITION: relative
}
.CTxt {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: relative
}
A {
	COLOR: white; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
UL {
	MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; COLOR: white
}
.sldNum {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; COLOR: white
}
.button {
	BORDER-RIGHT: buttonface 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: buttonface 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: buttonface 1px solid; WIDTH: 32px; BORDER-BOTTOM: =
buttonface 1px solid; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 20px
}
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY style=3D"MARGIN: 2px" onload=3DLoad()>
<DIV onmouseup=3DBtnOnUp() onkeypress=3DExecBtn() =
onmousedown=3DBtnOnDown() id=3DNavObj=20
onmouseover=3DBtnOnOver() style=3D"DISPLAY: none; VISIBILITY: hidden"=20
onmouseout=3DBtnOnOut() onload=3D"Load()">
<TABLE id=3DnotesBtn style=3D"DISPLAY: none; WIDTH: 55px; POSITION: =
relative"=20
cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 align=3Dleft>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_ntsElem title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Notes"=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; CURSOR: default; COLOR: =
buttontext; MARGIN-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter><IMG id=3Dnb_nts style=3D"DISPLAY: none"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/notes_flag.gif">=20
      &nbsp;Notes</DIV>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_ntsBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Notes"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() =
tabIndex=3D1></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"WIDTH: 70px; POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 =
cellPadding=3D0=20
align=3Dright>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_sldshwText title=3D"Full Screen Slide Show"=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; CURSOR: default; COLOR: =
buttontext; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter>Slide Show</DIV>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_sldshwBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() title=3D"Full Screen =
Slide Show"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D5>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 18px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_sldshw style=3D"LEFT: -254px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_voiceBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut()=20
      style=3D"DISPLAY: none; LEFT: -40px; WIDTH: 20px; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D4>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 18px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_voice title=3D"Pause/Play Narration"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: -290px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 =
align=3Dcenter>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_prevBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
style=3D"LEFT: -30px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D2>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 30px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_prev title=3D"Previous Slide" style=3D"LEFT: 0px; =
POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV><SPAN=20
      id=3Dnav_text=20
      style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; WIDTH: 100px; COLOR: buttontext; =
FONT-FAMILY: Arial; POSITION: relative; TOP: 3px"></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_nextBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
onfocus=3DBtnOnOver()=20
      tabIndex=3D3>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 30px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_next title=3D"Next Slide" style=3D"LEFT: -90px; POSITION: =
relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></D=
IV>
<DIV onmouseup=3DBtnOnUp() onkeypress=3DExecBtn() =
onmousedown=3DBtnOnDown()=20
id=3DOtlNavObj onmouseover=3DBtnOnOver() style=3D"DISPLAY: none; =
VISIBILITY: hidden"=20
onmouseout=3DBtnOnOut() onload=3D"Load()">
<TABLE style=3D"WIDTH: 70px; POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 =
cellPadding=3D0=20
align=3Dleft>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otl onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Outline"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; CURSOR: default; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: 100%"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D11>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otlElem=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; COLOR: buttontext; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: =
Arial; POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter>Outline</DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 =
align=3Dcenter>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otlTxtBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut()=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: buttonface 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: =
buttonface 1px solid; LEFT: -18px; BORDER-LEFT: buttonface 1px solid; =
WIDTH: 24px; BORDER-BOTTOM: buttonface 1px solid; POSITION: absolute; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D12>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 22px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_otlTxt title=3D"Expand/Collapse Outline"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: -157px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></D=
IV>
<DIV id=3DOtlObj style=3D"DISPLAY: none; VISIBILITY: hidden">
<TABLE style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial" width=3D"100%">
  <TBODY>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>1</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD width=3D"100%">
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP1><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL1=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0001.htm');">Chapter =
19<BR>Chemical=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>2</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP2><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL2=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0011.htm');">First Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC2 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>You will recall from Chapter 5 that energy cannot be created =
nor=20
        destroyed.=20
        <LI>Therefore, the total energy of the universe is a constant.=20
        <LI>Energy can, however, be converted from one form to another =
or=20
        transferred from a system to the surroundings or vice versa.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>3</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP3><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL3=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0002.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC3 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Spontaneous processes are those that can proceed without any =
outside=20
        intervention.=20
        <LI>The gas in vessel B will spontaneously effuse into vessel A, =
but=20
        once the gas is in both vessels, it will not spontaneously =
return to one=20
        side </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>4</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP4><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL4=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0003.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC4 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>Processes that are spontaneous in one direction are =
nonspontaneous=20
          in the reverse direction. =
</LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>5</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP5><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL5=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0004.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC5 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Processes that are spontaneous at one temperature may be=20
        nonspontaneous at other temperatures.=20
        <LI>Above 0<FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>C it =
is=20
        spontaneous for ice to melt.</FONT>=20
        <LI>Below 0<FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>C =
the reverse=20
        process is spontaneous.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>6</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP6><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL6=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0005.htm');">Reversible=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC6 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>In a reversible process the system changes in such a way =
that the=20
          system and surroundings can be put back in their original =
states by=20
          exactly reversing the process. <BR><BR>
          <LI>Changes are infinitesimally small in a reversible process. =

      </LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>7</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP7><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL7=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0006.htm');">Irreversible=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC7 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Irreversible processes cannot be undone by exactly reversing =
the=20
        change to the system.=20
        <LI>All Spontaneous processes are irreversible.=20
        <LI>All Real processes are irreversible. =
</LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>8</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP8><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL8=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0007.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC8 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy (S) is a term coined by Rudolph Clausius in the 19th =

        century.=20
        <LI>Clausius was convinced of the significance of the ratio of =
heat=20
        delivered and the temperature at which it is delivered,=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>9</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP9><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL9=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0008.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC9 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy can be thought of as a measure of the randomness of =
a=20
        system.=20
        <LI>It is related to the various modes of motion in molecules.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>10</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP10><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL10=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0009.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC10 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Like total energy, E, and enthalpy, H, entropy is a state =
function.=20
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S =3D =
S<SUB>final</SUB>=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>=20
        S<SUB>initial</SUB></FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>11</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP11><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL11=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0010.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC11 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>For a process occurring at constant temperature (an =
isothermal=20
        process): </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>12</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP12><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL12=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0012.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC12 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The second law of thermodynamics: The entropy of the =
universe does=20
        not change for reversible processes=20
        <LI>and=20
        <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>increases for =

        spontaneous processes. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>13</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP13><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL13=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0013.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>14</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP14><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL14=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0014.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC14 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of the universe increases (real, spontaneous =
processes).=20

        <LI>But, entropy can decrease for individual systems.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>15</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP15><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL15=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0015.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC15 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Ludwig Boltzmann described the concept of entropy on the =
molecular=20
        level.=20
        <LI>Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of =
the=20
        molecules in a sample. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>16</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP16><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL16=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0016.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC16 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Molecules exhibit several types of motion:=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Translational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
          </SPAN>Movement of the entire molecule from one place to =
another.=20
          <LI>Vibrational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN>Periodic=20
          motion of atoms within a molecule.=20
          <LI>Rotational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN>Rotation=20
          of the molecule on about an axis or rotation about <FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>s</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> bonds.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>17</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP17><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL17=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0017.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC17 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Boltzmann envisioned the motions of a sample of molecules at =
a=20
        particular instant in time.=20
        <UL>
          <LI>This would be akin to taking a snapshot of all the =
molecules.=20
        </LI></UL>
        <LI>He referred to this sampling as a microstate of the =
thermodynamic=20
        system. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>18</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP18><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL18=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0018.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC18 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Each thermodynamic state has a specific number of =
microstates, W,=20
        associated with it.=20
        <LI>Entropy is=20
        <LI>S =3D k lnW=20
        <LI>where k is the Boltzmann constant, 1.38 <FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>=B4</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> 10</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol><SUP>-</SUP></FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial><SUP>23</SUP>=20
        J/K.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>19</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP19><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL19=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0040.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC19 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Implications: <BR><BR>
        <LI>=95 more particles=20
        <LI>-&gt; more states -&gt; more entropy=20
        <LI>=95 higher T=20
        <LI>-&gt; more energy states -&gt; more entropy=20
        <LI>=95 less structure (gas vs solid)=20
        <LI>-&gt; more states -&gt; more entropy=20
  <BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>20</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP20><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL20=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0020.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC20 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The number of microstates and, therefore, the entropy tends =
to=20
        increase with increases in=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Temperature.=20
          <LI>Volume (gases).=20
          <LI>The number of independently moving molecules.=20
      </LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>21</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP21><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL21=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0021.htm');">Entropy and Physical =

      States</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC21 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy increases with the freedom of motion of molecules.=20
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI>S(g) &gt; S(l) &gt; S(s) </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>22</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP22><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL22=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0022.htm');">Solutions</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC22 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>Dissolution of a solid:=20
          <LI>Ions have more entropy (more states)=20
          <LI>But,=20
          <LI>Some water molecules have less entropy (they are grouped =
around=20
          ions). </LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>23</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP23><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL23=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0023.htm');">Entropy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC23 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>In general, entropy increases when=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Gases are formed from liquids and solids.=20
          <LI>Liquids or solutions are formed from solids.=20
          <LI>The number of gas molecules increases.=20
          <LI>The number of moles increases. =
</LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>24</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP24><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL24=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0024.htm');">Third Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC24 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero =
is 0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>25</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP25><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL25=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0041.htm');">Third Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC25 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero =
is 0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>26</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP26><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL26=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0025.htm');">Standard=20
      Entropies</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC26 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>These are molar entropy values of substances in their =
standard=20
        states.=20
        <LI>Standard entropies tend to increase with increasing molar =
mass.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>27</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP27><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL27=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0026.htm');">Standard=20
      Entropies</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC27 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Larger and more complex molecules have greater entropies.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>28</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP28><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL28=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0027.htm');">Entropy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC28 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy changes for a reaction can be calculated the same =
way we=20
        used for <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>H:</FONT>=20
        <LI></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>29</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP29><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL29=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0028.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC29 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Changes in Surroundings=20
        <LI>Heat that flows into or out of the system also changes the =
entropy=20
        of the surroundings.=20
        <LI>For an isothermal process: </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>30</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP30><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL30=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0042.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC30 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Changes in Surroundings=20
        <LI>Heat that flows into or out of the system also changes the =
entropy=20
        of the surroundings.=20
        <LI>For an isothermal process: </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>31</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP31><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL31=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0043.htm');">Link S and <FONT=20
      face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>H: Phase=20
      changes</FONT></A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>32</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP32><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL32=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0029.htm');">"Entropy Change in =
the=20
      Universe"</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC32 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Change in the Universe=20
        <LI>The universe is composed of the system and the surroundings. =

<BR><BR>
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe</SUB> =3D=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>S<SUB>system</SUB> +=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>S<SUB>surroundings</SUB></FONT> <BR><BR>
        <LI>For spontaneous processes=20
        <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe =
</SUB>&gt; 0</FONT>=20
        <BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>33</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP33><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL33=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0030.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>34</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP34><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL34=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0044.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>35</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP35><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL35=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0031.htm');">"<FONT=20
      face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>TDS<SUB>universe</SUB> is =
defined=20
      as</FONT>..."</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC35 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>TDS<SUB>universe</SUB> is=20
        defined as the Gibbs free energy, </FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G.</FONT>=20
        <LI>For spontaneous processes: <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =

        face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe</SUB> &gt; 0</FONT>=20
        <LI>And therefore:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G &lt; 0</FONT>=20
      <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>36</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP36><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL36=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0032.htm');">Gibbs Free=20
      Energy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC36 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>If DG is negative, the forward reaction is spontaneous.=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>If <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G is =
positive, the=20
        reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>37</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP37><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL37=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0033.htm');">Standard Free Energy =

      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC37 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Standard free energies of formation, <FONT =
face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G<SUB>f</SUB></FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial> are analogous to standard enthalpies of formation, =

        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>H<SUB>f</SUB></FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>38</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP38><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL38=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0034.htm');">Free Energy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC38 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Very key equation: <BR><BR><BR><BR>
        <LI>This equation shows how <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G</FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial> changes=20
        with temperature.</FONT>=20
        <LI>(We assume S=B0 &amp; <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>H=B0=20
        are independent of T.)</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>39</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP39><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL39=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0035.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Temperature</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC39 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>There are two parts to the free energy equation:=20
        <UL>
          <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>DH<FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>=97 the enthalpy =
term</FONT>=20
          <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>T<FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S</FONT><FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> =97 the entropy =
term</FONT>=20
          <BR><BR></LI></UL>
        <LI>The temperature dependence of free energy comes from the =
entropy=20
        term. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>40</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP40><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL40=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0037.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Temperature</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>41</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP41><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL41=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0038.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Equilibrium</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC41 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Remember from above:=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>
        <LI>So DG must be related to the equilibrium constant, K =
(chapter 15).=20
        The standard free energy, DG=B0, is directly linked to =
K<SUB>eq</SUB> by:=20
        <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>42</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP42><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL42=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0039.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Equilibrium</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC42 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Under non-standard conditions, we need to use DG instead of =
DG=B0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>43</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP43><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL43=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0045.htm');">Gibbs Free=20
      Energy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC43 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>If DG is negative, the forward reaction is spontaneous.=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>If <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G is =
positive, the=20
        reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03.xml"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/preview.wmf"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_image001.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/editdata.mso"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/pres.xml"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/file0002.mp3"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0001.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_image002.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0001_image003.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0011.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002_image004.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002_image005.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003_image006.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003_image007.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004_image008.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004_image009.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005_image010.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005_image011.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006_image012.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006_image013.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0007.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0007_image014.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0008.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0009.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010_image015.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010_image016.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image017.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image018.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image019.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image020.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013_image021.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013_image022.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014_image023.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014_image024.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015_image025.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015_image026.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0016.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0016_image027.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0017.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0017_image028.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0018.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0018_image029.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0040.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0020.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021_image030.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021_image031.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022_image032.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022_image033.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023_image034.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023_image035.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image036.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image037.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image038.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image039.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image040.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image041.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image042.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image043.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image044.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image045.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025_image046.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025_image047.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026_image048.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026_image049.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image050.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image051.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image052.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image053.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028_image054.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028_image055.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image056.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image057.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image058.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image059.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image060.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image061.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image062.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image063.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0029.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image064.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image065.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image066.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image067.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image068.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image069.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image070.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image071.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image072.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image073.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image074.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image075.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image076.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image077.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image078.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image079.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0031.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0031_image080.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032_image081.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032_image082.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033_image083.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033_image084.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034_image085.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034_image086.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0035.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037_image087.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037_image088.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038_image089.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038_image090.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image091.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image092.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image093.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0045.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0045_image094.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master01.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_stylesheet.css"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/script.js"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/fullscreen.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/notes_flag.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/frame.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/outline.htm"></A></DIV></BODY></HTML>

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Thermochem/chap19_files/outline.htm

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Dwindows-1252">
<META content=3DPowerPoint.Slide name=3DProgId>
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16481" name=3DGENERATOR><LINK =
id=3DMain-File=20
href=3D"../chap19.htm" rel=3DMain-File><LINK href=3D"preview.wmf" =
rel=3DPreview>
<META content=3DNoIndex name=3DRobots>
<SCRIPT=20
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/script.js"></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT><!--

if( !(IsWin("PPTOtl")||IsWin("PPTNav")||IsWin("PPTOtlNav")) )
{
	obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
	parent.location.href=3Dobj.href
}

var =
gOtlHiliteClr=3D"#ffffff",gOtlNormalClr=3D"#000000",gOtlActiveClr=3D"#fff=
f00",gSelected=3D"",gTxtState=3Dfalse,gChildEntryTable=3Dnew Array()

function Load()
{
	if( IsWin("PPTOtl" ) ){ LoadOtl(); parent.gOtlLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
	if( g_supportsPPTHTML ) {
		if( IsWin("PPTNav" ) ){ LoadNav("NavObj",UpdNav); =
parent.gNavLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
		if( IsWin("PPTOtlNav" ) ){ LoadNav("OtlNavObj",UpdOtlNav); =
parent.gOtlNavLoaded=3Dtrue; return }
	}
}
function Upd(){ if( IsWin("PPTNav") ) LoadNav("NavObj",UpdNav) }
function LoadNav( oId,UpdFunc )
{
	document.ondragstart=3DCancelDrag
	document.onselectstart=3DCancelDrag
	document.body.style.margin=3D2
	UpdFunc()
	obj=3Ddocument.all.item(oId)
	obj.style.display=3D"block"
	obj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
	document.bgColor=3D"threedface"

	if( parent.frames["PPTNts"] )
		notesBtn.style.display =3D ""
	if( parent.gHasNarration )
		nb_voiceBorder.style.display =3D ""
}
function LoadOtl()
{
	var otl=3DGetObj("OtlObj")
	otl.style.display=3D"block"
	otl.style.visibility=3D"visible"
	if( gOtlActiveClr =3D=3D "" ) gOtlActiveClr=3Ddocument.linkColor
	if( gOtlHiliteClr =3D=3D "" ) gOtlHiliteClr=3Ddocument.fgColor
	if( gOtlNormalClr =3D=3D "" )
		gOtlNormalClr=3Ddocument.bgColor
	else
		document.bgColor=3DgOtlNormalClr =20

	InitArray()

	if( ObjExists( parent.gCurSld ) ) {
		ChangeState( parent.gCurSld,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
		gSelected=3Dparent.gCurSld
	}
	else gSelected =3D -1

	UpdOtl()
}
function UpdOtl(){ UpdIdx(parent.gCurSld) }
function UpdIdx( idx )
{
	if( gSelected !=3D idx ) {
		if( gSelected > 0 )
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlHiliteClr,gOtlNormalClr )

		if( ObjExists( idx ) ) {
			gSelected =3D idx
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
		}
		else gSelected =3D -1
	}

	if( gTxtState !=3D parent.gOtlTxtExp ) {
		state =3D "block"
		if( !parent.gOtlTxtExp )
			state=3D"none"

		for(ii=3D0; ii<gChildEntryTable.length; ii++) {
			obj=3DgChildEntryTable[ii];
			if( obj.id =3D=3D null ) continue;

			if( obj.id.indexOf("PPTC") >=3D 0 )
				obj.style.display=3Dstate;
		}=20
		gTxtState=3Dparent.gOtlTxtExp
		if( ObjExists( gSelected ) )
			ChangeState( gSelected,gOtlNormalClr,gOtlHiliteClr )
	}
}
function InitArray()
{
	count=3D0
	var list=3DGetTags(document,"DIV");
	for(ii=3D0; ii<list.length; ii++) {
		obj=3Dlist.item(ii)
		if( obj.id =3D=3D null ) continue

		if( obj.id.indexOf("PPTC") >=3D 0 ) =20
			gChildEntryTable[count++]=3Dobj
	}
}
function ChangeState( idx,fgColor,bgColor )
{
	obj=3DGetObj("PPTL"+idx)
	obj.style.color=3DfgColor

	obj=3DGetObj("PPTP"+idx)
	obj.style.backgroundColor=3DbgColor
}
function ChgClr( o,clr ){ if( o.id !=3D "PPTL"+gSelected ) =
o.style.color=3Dclr }
function Over( src ){ ChgClr(GetLink(src),gOtlActiveClr) }
function Out( src ){ ChgClr(GetLink(src),gOtlHiliteClr) }
function Follow(src){ window.location.href =3D GetLink(src).href; }
function ObjExists( ii ) { obj=3DGetObj("PPTP"+ii ); return( obj ) }
function GoToSld( href ){ UpdIdx(parent.GetSldNum(href)); =
parent.GoToSld( href ) }
function CancelDrag(){ =
window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue;window.event.returnValue=3Dfalse}
function GetLink(src)
{
   if(src.tagName=3D=3D"A") return src
   else return GetTags(src,"A").item(0)
}

function UpdNav()
{
	txt =3D "<center>";
	if( parent.GetHrefObj( parent.gCurSld ).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
		txt +=3D "Slide " + parent.GetCurSldNum() + " of " + =
parent.GetNumSlds()
	else
		txt +=3D "Hidden Slide"
	txt +=3D "</center>";
	nav_text.innerHTML =3D txt;

	if( !parent.HasPrevSld() )
		gBtnArr["nb_prev"].Enabled(0)
	else
		gBtnArr["nb_prev"].Enabled(1)

	if( !parent.HasNextSld() )
		gBtnArr["nb_next"].Enabled(0)
	else
		gBtnArr["nb_next"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_nts"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag( parent.gHasNts )

	gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"].Enabled(1)
	gBtnArr["nb_voice"].Enabled(1)
}

function ExecBtn()
{
	if (event.keyCode =3D=3D 13)
	{
		BtnOnDown();
		BtnOnUp();
	}
}
function UpdOtlNav()
{
	gBtnArr["nb_otl"].SetEnabled();

	if( parent.gOtlOpen )
		gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].Enabled( true );
	else
		document.all.item("nb_otlTxtBorder").style.visibility =3D "hidden";
}




//--></SCRIPT>

<STYLE>.PTxt {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; WIDTH: 100%; =
POSITION: relative
}
.CTxt {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: relative
}
A {
	COLOR: white; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
UL {
	MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; COLOR: white
}
.sldNum {
	MARGIN-TOP: 5px; COLOR: white
}
.button {
	BORDER-RIGHT: buttonface 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: buttonface 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: buttonface 1px solid; WIDTH: 32px; BORDER-BOTTOM: =
buttonface 1px solid; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 20px
}
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY style=3D"MARGIN: 2px" onload=3DLoad()>
<DIV onmouseup=3DBtnOnUp() onkeypress=3DExecBtn() =
onmousedown=3DBtnOnDown() id=3DNavObj=20
onmouseover=3DBtnOnOver() style=3D"DISPLAY: none; VISIBILITY: hidden"=20
onmouseout=3DBtnOnOut() onload=3D"Load()">
<TABLE id=3DnotesBtn style=3D"DISPLAY: none; WIDTH: 55px; POSITION: =
relative"=20
cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 align=3Dleft>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_ntsElem title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Notes"=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; CURSOR: default; COLOR: =
buttontext; MARGIN-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter><IMG id=3Dnb_nts style=3D"DISPLAY: none"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/notes_flag.gif">=20
      &nbsp;Notes</DIV>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_ntsBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Notes"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() =
tabIndex=3D1></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"WIDTH: 70px; POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 =
cellPadding=3D0=20
align=3Dright>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_sldshwText title=3D"Full Screen Slide Show"=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; CURSOR: default; COLOR: =
buttontext; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter>Slide Show</DIV>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_sldshwBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() title=3D"Full Screen =
Slide Show"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0%; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D5>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 18px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_sldshw style=3D"LEFT: -254px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_voiceBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut()=20
      style=3D"DISPLAY: none; LEFT: -40px; WIDTH: 20px; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D4>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 18px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_voice title=3D"Pause/Play Narration"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: -290px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 =
align=3Dcenter>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_prevBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
style=3D"LEFT: -30px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D2>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 30px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_prev title=3D"Previous Slide" style=3D"LEFT: 0px; =
POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV><SPAN=20
      id=3Dnav_text=20
      style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; WIDTH: 100px; COLOR: buttontext; =
FONT-FAMILY: Arial; POSITION: relative; TOP: 3px"></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dbutton id=3Dnb_nextBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
onfocus=3DBtnOnOver()=20
      tabIndex=3D3>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 30px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_next title=3D"Next Slide" style=3D"LEFT: -90px; POSITION: =
relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></D=
IV>
<DIV onmouseup=3DBtnOnUp() onkeypress=3DExecBtn() =
onmousedown=3DBtnOnDown()=20
id=3DOtlNavObj onmouseover=3DBtnOnOver() style=3D"DISPLAY: none; =
VISIBILITY: hidden"=20
onmouseout=3DBtnOnOut() onload=3D"Load()">
<TABLE style=3D"WIDTH: 70px; POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 =
cellPadding=3D0=20
align=3Dleft>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD noWrap>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otl onblur=3DBtnOnOut() =
title=3D"Show/Hide&#13;&#10;Outline"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: 0%; WIDTH: 100%; CURSOR: default; POSITION: =
absolute; TOP: 0%; HEIGHT: 100%"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D11>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otlElem=20
      style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; COLOR: buttontext; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: =
Arial; POSITION: relative"=20
      align=3Dcenter>Outline</DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style=3D"POSITION: relative" cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 =
align=3Dcenter>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD>
      <DIV id=3Dnb_otlTxtBorder onblur=3DBtnOnOut()=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: buttonface 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: =
buttonface 1px solid; LEFT: -18px; BORDER-LEFT: buttonface 1px solid; =
WIDTH: 24px; BORDER-BOTTOM: buttonface 1px solid; POSITION: absolute; =
HEIGHT: 20px"=20
      onfocus=3DBtnOnOver() tabIndex=3D12>
      <DIV style=3D"CLIP: rect(0px 22px 18px 0px); POSITION: =
absolute"><IMG=20
      id=3Dnb_otlTxt title=3D"Expand/Collapse Outline"=20
      style=3D"LEFT: -157px; POSITION: relative"=20
      =
src=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Therm=
ochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></D=
IV>
<DIV id=3DOtlObj style=3D"DISPLAY: none; VISIBILITY: hidden">
<TABLE style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial" width=3D"100%">
  <TBODY>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>1</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD width=3D"100%">
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP1><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL1=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0001.htm');">Chapter =
19<BR>Chemical=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>2</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP2><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL2=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0011.htm');">First Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC2 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>You will recall from Chapter 5 that energy cannot be created =
nor=20
        destroyed.=20
        <LI>Therefore, the total energy of the universe is a constant.=20
        <LI>Energy can, however, be converted from one form to another =
or=20
        transferred from a system to the surroundings or vice versa.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>3</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP3><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL3=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0002.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC3 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Spontaneous processes are those that can proceed without any =
outside=20
        intervention.=20
        <LI>The gas in vessel B will spontaneously effuse into vessel A, =
but=20
        once the gas is in both vessels, it will not spontaneously =
return to one=20
        side </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>4</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP4><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL4=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0003.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC4 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>Processes that are spontaneous in one direction are =
nonspontaneous=20
          in the reverse direction. =
</LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>5</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP5><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL5=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0004.htm');">Spontaneous=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC5 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Processes that are spontaneous at one temperature may be=20
        nonspontaneous at other temperatures.=20
        <LI>Above 0<FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>C it =
is=20
        spontaneous for ice to melt.</FONT>=20
        <LI>Below 0<FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>C =
the reverse=20
        process is spontaneous.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>6</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP6><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL6=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0005.htm');">Reversible=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC6 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>In a reversible process the system changes in such a way =
that the=20
          system and surroundings can be put back in their original =
states by=20
          exactly reversing the process. <BR><BR>
          <LI>Changes are infinitesimally small in a reversible process. =

      </LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>7</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP7><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL7=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0006.htm');">Irreversible=20
      Processes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC7 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Irreversible processes cannot be undone by exactly reversing =
the=20
        change to the system.=20
        <LI>All Spontaneous processes are irreversible.=20
        <LI>All Real processes are irreversible. =
</LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>8</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP8><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL8=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0007.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC8 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy (S) is a term coined by Rudolph Clausius in the 19th =

        century.=20
        <LI>Clausius was convinced of the significance of the ratio of =
heat=20
        delivered and the temperature at which it is delivered,=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>9</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP9><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL9=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0008.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC9 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy can be thought of as a measure of the randomness of =
a=20
        system.=20
        <LI>It is related to the various modes of motion in molecules.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>10</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP10><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL10=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0009.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC10 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Like total energy, E, and enthalpy, H, entropy is a state =
function.=20
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S =3D =
S<SUB>final</SUB>=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>=20
        S<SUB>initial</SUB></FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>11</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP11><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL11=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0010.htm');">Entropy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC11 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>For a process occurring at constant temperature (an =
isothermal=20
        process): </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>12</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP12><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL12=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0012.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC12 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The second law of thermodynamics: The entropy of the =
universe does=20
        not change for reversible processes=20
        <LI>and=20
        <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>increases for =

        spontaneous processes. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>13</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP13><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL13=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0013.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>14</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP14><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL14=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0014.htm');">Second Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC14 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of the universe increases (real, spontaneous =
processes).=20

        <LI>But, entropy can decrease for individual systems.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>15</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP15><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL15=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0015.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC15 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Ludwig Boltzmann described the concept of entropy on the =
molecular=20
        level.=20
        <LI>Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of =
the=20
        molecules in a sample. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>16</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP16><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL16=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0016.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC16 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Molecules exhibit several types of motion:=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Translational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
          </SPAN>Movement of the entire molecule from one place to =
another.=20
          <LI>Vibrational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN>Periodic=20
          motion of atoms within a molecule.=20
          <LI>Rotational:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN>Rotation=20
          of the molecule on about an axis or rotation about <FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>s</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> bonds.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>17</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP17><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL17=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0017.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC17 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Boltzmann envisioned the motions of a sample of molecules at =
a=20
        particular instant in time.=20
        <UL>
          <LI>This would be akin to taking a snapshot of all the =
molecules.=20
        </LI></UL>
        <LI>He referred to this sampling as a microstate of the =
thermodynamic=20
        system. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>18</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP18><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL18=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0018.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC18 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Each thermodynamic state has a specific number of =
microstates, W,=20
        associated with it.=20
        <LI>Entropy is=20
        <LI>S =3D k lnW=20
        <LI>where k is the Boltzmann constant, 1.38 <FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>=B4</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> 10</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol><SUP>-</SUP></FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial><SUP>23</SUP>=20
        J/K.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>19</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP19><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL19=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0040.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC19 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Implications: <BR><BR>
        <LI>=95 more particles=20
        <LI>-&gt; more states -&gt; more entropy=20
        <LI>=95 higher T=20
        <LI>-&gt; more energy states -&gt; more entropy=20
        <LI>=95 less structure (gas vs solid)=20
        <LI>-&gt; more states -&gt; more entropy=20
  <BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>20</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP20><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL20=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0020.htm');">Entropy on the =
Molecular=20
      Scale</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC20 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The number of microstates and, therefore, the entropy tends =
to=20
        increase with increases in=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Temperature.=20
          <LI>Volume (gases).=20
          <LI>The number of independently moving molecules.=20
      </LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>21</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP21><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL21=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0021.htm');">Entropy and Physical =

      States</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC21 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy increases with the freedom of motion of molecules.=20
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI>S(g) &gt; S(l) &gt; S(s) </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>22</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP22><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL22=20
      =
href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0022.htm');">Solutions</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC22 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <UL>
          <LI>Dissolution of a solid:=20
          <LI>Ions have more entropy (more states)=20
          <LI>But,=20
          <LI>Some water molecules have less entropy (they are grouped =
around=20
          ions). </LI></UL></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>23</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP23><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL23=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0023.htm');">Entropy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC23 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>In general, entropy increases when=20
        <UL>
          <LI>Gases are formed from liquids and solids.=20
          <LI>Liquids or solutions are formed from solids.=20
          <LI>The number of gas molecules increases.=20
          <LI>The number of moles increases. =
</LI></UL></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>24</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP24><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL24=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0024.htm');">Third Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC24 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero =
is 0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>25</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP25><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL25=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0041.htm');">Third Law of=20
      Thermodynamics</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC25 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero =
is 0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>26</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP26><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL26=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0025.htm');">Standard=20
      Entropies</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC26 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>These are molar entropy values of substances in their =
standard=20
        states.=20
        <LI>Standard entropies tend to increase with increasing molar =
mass.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>27</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP27><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL27=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0026.htm');">Standard=20
      Entropies</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC27 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Larger and more complex molecules have greater entropies.=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>28</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP28><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL28=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0027.htm');">Entropy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC28 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy changes for a reaction can be calculated the same =
way we=20
        used for <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>H:</FONT>=20
        <LI></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>29</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP29><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL29=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0028.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC29 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Changes in Surroundings=20
        <LI>Heat that flows into or out of the system also changes the =
entropy=20
        of the surroundings.=20
        <LI>For an isothermal process: </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>30</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP30><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL30=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0042.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC30 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Changes in Surroundings=20
        <LI>Heat that flows into or out of the system also changes the =
entropy=20
        of the surroundings.=20
        <LI>For an isothermal process: </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>31</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP31><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL31=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0043.htm');">Link S and <FONT=20
      face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>H: Phase=20
      changes</FONT></A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>32</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP32><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL32=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0029.htm');">"Entropy Change in =
the=20
      Universe"</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC32 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Entropy Change in the Universe=20
        <LI>The universe is composed of the system and the surroundings. =

<BR><BR>
        <LI>Therefore,=20
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe</SUB> =3D=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>S<SUB>system</SUB> +=20
        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>S<SUB>surroundings</SUB></FONT> <BR><BR>
        <LI>For spontaneous processes=20
        <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe =
</SUB>&gt; 0</FONT>=20
        <BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>33</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP33><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL33=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0030.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>34</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP34><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL34=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0044.htm');">Practical uses: =
surroundings=20
      &amp; system</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>35</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP35><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL35=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0031.htm');">"<FONT=20
      face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>TDS<SUB>universe</SUB> is =
defined=20
      as</FONT>..."</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC35 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI><FONT face=3DSymbol>-</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>TDS<SUB>universe</SUB> is=20
        defined as the Gibbs free energy, </FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G.</FONT>=20
        <LI>For spontaneous processes: <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =

        face=3DArial>S<SUB>universe</SUB> &gt; 0</FONT>=20
        <LI>And therefore:<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; =
</SPAN><FONT=20
        face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G &lt; 0</FONT>=20
      <BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>36</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP36><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL36=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0032.htm');">Gibbs Free=20
      Energy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC36 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>If DG is negative, the forward reaction is spontaneous.=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>If <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G is =
positive, the=20
        reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>37</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP37><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL37=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0033.htm');">Standard Free Energy =

      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC37 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Standard free energies of formation, <FONT =
face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G<SUB>f</SUB></FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial> are analogous to standard enthalpies of formation, =

        </FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>H<SUB>f</SUB></FONT><FONT =
face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>.</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>38</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP38><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL38=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0034.htm');">Free Energy=20
      Changes</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC38 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Very key equation: <BR><BR><BR><BR>
        <LI>This equation shows how <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT=20
        face=3DArial>G</FONT><FONT face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial> changes=20
        with temperature.</FONT>=20
        <LI>(We assume S=B0 &amp; <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT =
face=3DArial>H=B0=20
        are independent of T.)</FONT> </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>39</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP39><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL39=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0035.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Temperature</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC39 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>There are two parts to the free energy equation:=20
        <UL>
          <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>DH<FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>=97 the enthalpy =
term</FONT>=20
          <LI><SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>T<FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>S</FONT><FONT=20
          face=3DSymbol>=B0</FONT><FONT face=3DArial> =97 the entropy =
term</FONT>=20
          <BR><BR></LI></UL>
        <LI>The temperature dependence of free energy comes from the =
entropy=20
        term. </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>40</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP40><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL40=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0037.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Temperature</A></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>41</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP41><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL41=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0038.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Equilibrium</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC41 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Remember from above:=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>
        <LI>So DG must be related to the equilibrium constant, K =
(chapter 15).=20
        The standard free energy, DG=B0, is directly linked to =
K<SUB>eq</SUB> by:=20
        <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>42</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP42><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL42=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0039.htm');">Free Energy and=20
      Equilibrium</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC42 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>Under non-standard conditions, we need to use DG instead of =
DG=B0.=20
        <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR onmouseover=3DOver(this) style=3D"CURSOR: hand" =
onclick=3DFollow(this)=20
  onmouseout=3DOut(this)>
    <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dright>
      <DIV class=3DsldNum><FONT size=3D2>43</FONT></DIV></TD>
    <TD>
      <DIV class=3DPTxt id=3DPPTP43><FONT size=3D2><A id=3DPPTL43=20
      href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0045.htm');">Gibbs Free=20
      Energy</A></FONT></DIV>
      <DIV class=3DCTxt id=3DPPTC43 style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><FONT =
size=3D2>
      <UL>
        <LI>If DG is negative, the forward reaction is spontaneous.=20
        <LI>If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium.=20
        <LI>If <FONT face=3DSymbol>D</FONT><FONT face=3DArial>G is =
positive, the=20
        reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.</FONT>=20
      </LI></UL></FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"DISPLAY: none"><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03.xml"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/preview.wmf"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_image001.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/editdata.mso"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/pres.xml"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/file0002.mp3"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0001.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_image002.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0001_image003.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0011.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002_image004.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0002_image005.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003_image006.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0003_image007.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004_image008.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0004_image009.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005_image010.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0005_image011.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006_image012.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0006_image013.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0007.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0007_image014.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0008.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0009.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010_image015.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0010_image016.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image017.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image018.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image019.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0012_image020.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013_image021.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0013_image022.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014_image023.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0014_image024.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015_image025.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0015_image026.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0016.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0016_image027.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0017.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0017_image028.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0018.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0018_image029.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0040.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0020.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021_image030.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0021_image031.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022_image032.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0022_image033.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023_image034.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0023_image035.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image036.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image037.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image038.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0024_image039.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image040.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image041.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image042.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image043.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image044.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0041_image045.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025_image046.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0025_image047.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026_image048.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0026_image049.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image050.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image051.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image052.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0027_image053.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028_image054.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0028_image055.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image056.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image057.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0042_image058.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image059.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image060.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image061.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image062.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0043_image063.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0029.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image064.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image065.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image066.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image067.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image068.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image069.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image070.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image071.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0030_image072.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image073.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image074.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image075.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image076.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image077.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image078.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0044_image079.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0031.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0031_image080.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032_image081.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0032_image082.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033_image083.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0033_image084.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034_image085.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0034_image086.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0035.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037_image087.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0037_image088.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038_image089.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0038_image090.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image091.png"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image092.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0039_image093.jpg"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0045.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/slide0045_image094.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master01.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/master03_stylesheet.css"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/script.js"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/fullscreen.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/notes_flag.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/buttons.gif"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/frame.htm"></A><A=20
href=3D"http://drschrempp.com/AP%20Powerpoint%20Files/Chp%2019%20-%20Ther=
mochem/chap19_files/outline.htm"></A></DIV></BODY></HTML>

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C88FEC.3FE141C0--